Review of the Relative Efficacy of Imaginal and<i>In Vivo</i>Flooding in the Treatment of Clinical Fear

James, Jack E.

doi:10.1017/s0141347300014725

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As such, most of what passes for cognitive theory and practice can be more clearly explained in terms of the principles that describe the role and functions of rulegoverned behaviour. Moreover, this analysis is consistent with a large volume of empirical data on the successful treatment of anxiety disorders, which suggests that processes involved in anxiety reduction are essentially both cognitive and enactive (i.e., involve symbolic and direct experience) (James, 1985(James, ,1986.…”

Section: Cognitive Therapysupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Moreover, this analysis is consistent with a large volume of empirical data on the successful treatment of anxiety disorders, which suggests that processes involved in anxiety reduction are essentially both cognitive and enactive (i.e., involve symbolic and direct experience) (James, 1985(James, ,1986. Practice provides conditioning opportunities, and these further strengthen the discriminative-stimulus properties of relevant cognitions (i.e., thoughts beliefs, self-statements, etc.)…”

Section: Cognitive Therapysupporting

confidence: 79%

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Cognitive-behavioural theory: An alternative conception

James

1993

Australian Psychologist

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The present paper aims to show that mainstream cognitive and cognitive-behavioural theories are fundamentally flawed, and should be discarded in favour of a behavioural explanation of the relationship between cognition and behaviour. The essence of this behavioural explanation of cognitive control is the distinction between contingency-shaped and rule-governed behaviour. The former occurs when come quences are experienced directly, whereas the latter influences perceived consequences. Cognitive events, including thoughts, expectations, beliefs, and images, function as rules that encode relevant COD tingencies of reinforcement. In turn, rules serve as potent cognitive discriminative stimuli that profoundly influence current and future behaviour.For example, about half of the text of Skinner's (1969) book, Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis, was concerned with subjective experience, and he lamented the fact that this aspect of human behaviour has not received sufficient atten-

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Section: Cognitive Therapysupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Cognitive Therapysupporting

confidence: 79%

Cognitive-behavioural theory: An alternative conception

James

1993

Australian Psychologist

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“…Three of the studies reviewed by James (1986) indicate that activation of fear responses did not occur during imaginal exposure treatment. Watson et al (1973) used therapists' ratings of anxiety during imaginal exposure sessions to examine arousal levels.…”

Section: Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In his critical review of the research comparing imaginal and in vivo flooding, James (1986) concludes that the available evidence does not support the widely-held view that in vivo exposure is superior to imaginal flooding in the treatment of clinically significant fear. Although we agree with James' conclusion, and with his warning that it would be premature to abandon imaginal exposure methods, we might wish for some theoretical perspective from which to interpret these conclusions and to make further predictions (see also Barlow and Wolfe, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear Reduction Processes in Imaginal and In Vivo Flooding: A Comment on James' Review

Hecker

Thorpe

1987

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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The research comparing imaginal and in vivo exposure in the treatment of clinically significant fear, recently reviewed by James (1986), is reexamined from the perspective of bioinformational theory and the concept of emotional processing. Fear is assumed to be stored in long term memory as a network of propositionally-coded information, which has to be processed if treatment is to be successful. Emotional processing is indicated by activation of fear responses and their habituation within and across treatment sessions. Consistent with the theory, our review indicates that successful treatment via imaginal and in vivo exposure is indeed related to activation and habituation of fear responses; interference with processing has a negative impact upon fear reduction, regardless of the specific treatment techniques employed. Furthermore, some apparently discrepant findings in the available research literature can be understood in terms of the theories cited. These ideas provide a useful perspective from which to plan future research efforts and to advance our understanding of the processes underlying reduction of pathological fear.

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“…Deze kwestie is omstreden en speelt ook bij de later te bespreken flooding-techniek (Emmelkamp, 1982;James, 1986;Hecker & Thorpe, 1987 (Locke, 1971). Tegenwoordig verwijst men daarom liever naar het theoretisch meer neutrale begrip counterconditionering als verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van SD.…”

Section: Systematische Desensitisatieunclassified

Paniekmanagement en exposure in vivo bij paniekstoornis met agorafobie

Korrelboom¹,

Kernkamp²,

Hoogduin³

et al. 1995

DITH

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VTwee mensen wil ik speciaal bedanken. Allereerst Bobby Kernkamp. Zonder hem zou dit proefschrift er nooit zijn gekomen. Het begon als een aardigheidje om, werkend bij verschillende werkgevers, toch te kunnen samenwerken. Bobby, al zo dikwijls gewend om 'groter' te denken dan ik, maakte het tot een wetenschappelijk onderzoek waarop wij gezamenlijk zouden promoveren. Om het project niet uit de hand te laten lopen moesten we besluiten, veel later en in vriendschappelijk overleg, dat het werk gescheiden zou worden voltooid. Het is voor beiden, denk ik, een verstandig besluit geweest. Het project is pas echt afgelopen, wanneer ook zijn dissertatie klaar is.Dan is er mijn Rooie. Onmisbare hulp bij het temmen van mijn PC. Onmisbare steun door aan te moedigen waar dat nodig en te zwijgen waar dat verstandig was. Gezegend met een onganse behoefte aan slaap. Terwijl zij sliep kon ik, zonder al te veel gevoelens van schuld, 's ochtends plaatsnemen achter mijn bureau. In de weekends en op vrije dagen. Onmisbaar vooral als levenspartner en vriendin. Zonder haar zou het zeker uit de hand zijn gelopen. Ik dank haar. Ons leven zal voortaan een beetje anders zijn.

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Review of the Relative Efficacy of Imaginal andIn VivoFlooding in the Treatment of Clinical Fear

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Cognitive-behavioural theory: An alternative conception

Cognitive-behavioural theory: An alternative conception

Fear Reduction Processes in Imaginal and In Vivo Flooding: A Comment on James' Review

Paniekmanagement en exposure in vivo bij paniekstoornis met agorafobie

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