Review of biodiesel production by the esterification of wastewater containing fats oils and grease (FOGs)

Ahmed, Rawaz; Huddersman, Katherine

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.045

Cited by 44 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Although diesel engines fueled with biodiesel have been studied in many kinds of literature in the past few decades, the observation results are not always unidirectional and clear [46]. In addition, in recent years, in order to promote biodiesel, different researchers have adopted many advanced preparation technologies and potential raw materials to prepare biodiesel for the more efficient production of biodiesel [47,48]. The selection of feedstocks for biodiesel production mainly depends on the location and crop of the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of the Properties, Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of the Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Generations of Biodiesel

Zhang

Zhong

et al. 2022

Processes

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Due to the increasing air pollution from diesel engines and the shortage of conventional fossil fuels, many experimental and numerical types of research have been carried out and published in the literature over the past few decades to find a new, sustainable, and alternative fuels. Biodiesel is an appropriate alternate solution for diesel engines because it is renewable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. According to the European Academies Science Advisory Council, biodiesel evolution is broadly classified into four generations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the production, properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engines using different generations of biodiesel as an alternative fuel to replace fossil-based diesel and summarizes the primary feedstocks and properties of different generations of biodiesel compared with diesel. The general impression is that the use of different generations of biodiesel decreased 30% CO, 50% HC, and 70% smoke emissions compared with diesel. Engine performance is slightly decreased by an average of 3.13%, 89.56%, and 11.98% for higher density, viscosity, and cetane, respectively, while having a 7.96% lower heating value compared with diesel. A certain ratio of biodiesel as fuel instead of fossil diesel combined with advanced after-treatment technology is the main trend of future diesel engine development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of the Properties, Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of the Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Generations of Biodiesel

Zhang

Zhong

et al. 2022

Processes

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“…and Direct in situ transesterification, which was recently considered as a potential solution to the two-step conversion, is the simultaneous conversion of sludge into biodiesel. Without any prior extraction, the chemicals, catalyst, and alcohol are mixed together during simultaneous conversion [12]. Where In place of reacting with the pre-extracted lipid, the feeds comes into immediate contact with alcohol catalyzed with base or acid.…”

Section: Esterification And\or Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent trends on sewage sludge transesterification: review

Jumah,

Jazie

2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The need for non-existent or low-cost sources to be a feedstock for the biodiesel industry as a source of lipids has led to the trend of sewage sludge (containing high fat content) and thinking about it and finding ways to benefit from it. On the other hand, he use of sludge is an environmental treatment, as it rids the environment of tons of sludge produced daily and a solution to a problem for treatment plants that were looking for ways and solutions to get rid of it and save the cost of getting rid of it and converting it into clean and promising energy. It was found that the sewage sludge in all its primary and secondary types is a feedstock rich in free fatty acids (FFA), which is the raw material for the production of biodiesel, while treating it with one of the types of catalyst alcohols. According to a review of previous studies, it was found that acidic catalysts are most suitable for biodiesel production from sewage sludge, because sewage sludge has a free fatty acid content of 65-70%, which is a high percentage. It is a severely high percentage of free fatty acids found in pure vegetable oils that do not exceed 5%. The heterogeneous acid catalysts were preferred over the homogeneous ones because of the satisfactory results they provided and the high productivity of biodiesel compared to the homogeneous ones, and they are more economical as they can be reused more than once, but also many times. Reacting sewage sludge lipids with a type of catalyst alcohol and forming biodiesel called transesterification or esterification, and it may be traditional or in-site, and in-site is more important and economical than conventional. It was found from previous references that heterogeneous catalysts in general and zeolite types in particular are the most suitable for oil extracted from sewage sludge. Where The yield reached 100% using a type of zeolite.

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“…Energy for transportation and domestic usage is principally obtained from fuels derived from fossils [ 1 ]. However, the augmented use of fossil fuels, particularly in the transportation sector, there is considerable concern regarding the sustainability of this source of energy, as fossil reservoirs are likely to become critically depleted within the next twenty years [ 2 , 3 ]. Furthermore, it has led to environmental degradation, climate change, and an increase in pollution-related health dangers among the general population worldwide [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the augmented use of fossil fuels, particularly in the transportation sector, there is considerable concern regarding the sustainability of this source of energy, as fossil reservoirs are likely to become critically depleted within the next twenty years [ 2 , 3 ]. Furthermore, it has led to environmental degradation, climate change, and an increase in pollution-related health dangers among the general population worldwide [ 3 ]. Moreover, in developing nations, there is often a failure to consider the environmental effect of the use of petroleum-based fuels within transportation and industrial spheres [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production from date seed oil using hydroxyapatite-derived catalyst from waste camel bone

Alsaiari¹,

Musa²,

Rizk³

2023

Heliyon

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Review of biodiesel production by the esterification of wastewater containing fats oils and grease (FOGs)

Cited by 44 publications

References 73 publications

A Comprehensive Review of the Properties, Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of the Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Generations of Biodiesel

A Comprehensive Review of the Properties, Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of the Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Generations of Biodiesel

Recent trends on sewage sludge transesterification: review

Biodiesel production from date seed oil using hydroxyapatite-derived catalyst from waste camel bone

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