Biodiesel production from date seed oil using hydroxyapatite-derived catalyst from waste camel bone

Effect of Preparation Acetone on Fish Bones Synthesized Through Sintering Method to Improve Hydroxyapatite Characteristics

“…HA is recognized as a promising biomaterial for bone due to its great biocompatibility potential [14 -16] and its bioactivity and considering osteoinductivity [17], [18] and osteoconductivity [19], [20]. HA also plays a role in environmental remediation [21], as an advanced adsorbent material in the context of metal ion removal from wastewater [22], air pollution [23], soil [24], and water [25]. The use of HA proves to be very beneficial for removing contaminants present in the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases.…”

“…Materials containing calcium include Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, Ca(NO3)2 [28], CaHPO4 [29] while phosphate-containing materials include H3PO4 [30], NH4H2PO4 [31]. Extraction from biological resources includes shells, such as eggshells [30], shrimp shells [31], mammalian bones such as cows [32], camels [24], pig bones and dung [33], [34], horses, and aquatic animals such as fish bones [34] and scales [35], [36], shells [37], [38], sea corals, etc. In this study, the source of Ca and P used came from fish bones, because fish bones are waste that has not been utilized optimally and contains Ca and P at once [39][40][41], and the amount is abundant so that it can be processed into a more useful material, namely hydroxyapatite.…”