Review article: Role of oxidative enzymes in plant defenses against insect herbivory

Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores

“…7,94 Lipoxygenase and Shikimic acid pathway metabolites and terpenoid pathway products (terpenoids) play an important role in plant defense, both directly and indirectly. 79 Period specific volatile emission has been observed in many plants e.g., lima bean leaves attacked by S. littoralis, 103 and hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. and A. Grey X deltoides) leaves infested by forest tent caterpillar, L. dispar emitted a blend of volatiles containing (E)-β-ocimene and other mono-, sesqui-and homoterpenes.…”

“…The enzymes that impair the nutrient uptake by insects through the formation of electrophiles includes peroxidases (PODs), polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), ascorbate peroxidases, and other peroxidases by oxidizing mono-or dihydroxyphenols, that lead to the formation of reactive o-quinones, which in turn polymerize or form covalent adducts with the nucleophilic groups of proteins due to their electrophilic nature (e.g., -SH or e-NH 2 of Lys). 34,55,79 Other important antioxidative enzymes include lipoxygenases, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, superoxide dismutase, etc. Induction of antioxidative enzymes in plants following herbivory has received considerable attention in recent years.…”

“…Most of the plant defense responses against insects are activated by signaltransduction pathways mediated by JA, SA, and ethylene. 79,125 Specific sets of defense related genes are activated by these pathways upon wounding or by insect feeding. These hormones may act individually, synergistically or antagonistically, depending upon the attacker.…”

Rice Planthoppers

“…Research with numerous plant species has revealed that a great variety of constitutive and inducible chemicals, such as terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, glucosinolates, and cyanogenic glycosides, and defensive proteins, such as proteinase inhibitors (PIs), cysteine proteases, lectins, chitinases, and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), have toxic or antifeedant effects on insect herbivores (Ryan 1990;Peumans et al 1995;Wang and Constable 2004;Aharoni et al 2005;Mohan et al 2006;Howe and Jander 2008;Gill et al 2010). Moreover, herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and GLVs have been reported to influence the behavior and/or performance of the subsequent herbivores directly and/ or indirectly by attracting the predators and parasitoids (Kessler and Baldwin 2001;Degenhardt et al 2003;Dicke and Baldwin 2010;Snoeren et al 2010).…”

Enhancing pest management in sweet pepper by the exploitation of zoophytophagy

“…Nakashima and Hirose (2002) chapter Most of the plant defence mechanisms against insects are activated by signal transduction pathways mediated by JA, SA and ethylene (Shivaji et al, 2010;Gill et al, 2010). Little had previously been described on the subject of plant responses to the feeding of O. laevigatus before this study.…”