Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores

War, Abdul Rashid; Paulraj, Michael Gabriel; Ahmad, Tariq; Buhroo, Abdul Ahad; Hussain, Barkat; Ignacimuthu, Savarimuthu; Sharma, H. C.

doi:10.4161/psb.21663

Cited by 1,425 publications

(1,064 citation statements)

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“…The change of metabolite profile (Walling, 2000; War et al ., 2012) is one of the strategies used by plants to defend against biotic and abiotic stresses. Many studies have indicated that plant‐beneficial microbe interactions can alter the plant metabolite profile and improve plant defence to insect attacks (van de Mortel et al ., 2012; Estrada et al ., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma gamsii affected herbivore feeding behaviour on Arabidopsis thaliana by modifying the leaf metabolome and phytohormones

Zhou

Huang

Guo

et al. 2018

Microbial Biotechnology

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SummaryPlants can re‐programme their transcriptome, proteome and metabolome to deal with environmental and biotic stress. It has been shown that the rhizosphere microbiome has influence on the plant metabolome and on herbivore behaviour. In the present study, Trichoderma gamsii was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana rhizosphere soil. The inoculation of roots of Arabidopsis thaliana with T. gamsii significantly inhibited the feeding behaviour of Trichoplusia ni and affected the metabolome as well as the content of phytohormones in Arabidopsis leaves. T. gamsii‐treated plant leaves had higher levels of amino acids and lower concentrations of sugars. In addition, T. gamsii‐treated plant leaves had more abscisic acid (ABA) and lower levels of salicylic acid (SA) and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) in comparison with the untreated plants. Furthermore, the inoculation with T. gamsii on different signalling mutants showed that the induction of defences were SA‐dependent. These findings indicate that T. gamsii has potential as a new type of biocontrol agent to promote plant repellence to insect attacks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma gamsii affected herbivore feeding behaviour on Arabidopsis thaliana by modifying the leaf metabolome and phytohormones

Zhou

Huang

Guo

et al. 2018

Microbial Biotechnology

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“…This is associated with the morphological and anatomical structures of plants and with biochemical interactions between the insect and the host plant. To avoid insect attack, plants produce specialized morphological structures or secondary metabolites and proteins (War et al, 2012). Binns and Blunden (1980) revealed the thickest indumentum on both adaxial and abaxial epidermis of S. lapponum leaves in comparison to 19 species and 12 hybrids of Salix.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In natural communities and in agroecosystems, insects are known to affect the growth, competitive ability, and population dynamics of their host plants (Charles et al, 2014). Direct tissue consumption by defoliators and cellular disruption by piercing-sucking insects trigger a complex of physiological responses in the host plant (War et al, 2012). These responses affect the life processes such as photosynthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, oxidative changes in plants after insect attack cause oxidative damage to the insect midgut, mainly due to accumulation of H 2 O 2 (Krishnan et al, 2007;Zhu-Salzman et al, 2008). Many physiological and molecular responses in plants against insect attack are triggered by H 2 O 2 , and its levels remain elevated as long as the herbivore attack persists (War et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…phenolic secondary metabolites, that either kill or retard the development of herbivores (War et al, 2012). Trichomes play an imperative role in plant defense against many insect species and exert both toxic and deterrent effects (Scott-Brown et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salix lapponum L. vs. phytophagous insects – an assessment of the risks and the reaction of plants

Kmieć¹,

Pogorzelec²,

Hawrylak-Nowak³

et al. 2018

Dendrobiology

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Abstract:Since the 1950s, a significant decrease in the population numbers of Salix lapponum L. has been observed in Poland, particularly in the Polesie Lubelskie region. One of the most important threats comes from the biotic environment including interactions at the trophic level. An unidentified issue was the occurrence and importance of phytophagous insects inhabiting S. lapponum in terms of real threats to growth and development as well as specific plant reactions to herbivores. The aim of the study was to recognize the occurrence of phytophagous insects inhabiting S. lapponum, i.e. an endangered species, and estimation of physiological changes caused by the herbivorous species feeding. The field study was conducted in a locality of S. lapponum population in the peat bog near Bikcze Lake (Polesie Lubelskie Region) in 2014-2015. In each growing season from the end of April to September, 100 stems of S. lapponum shoots with similar length were examined once a month. Selected parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured and the accumulation of H 2 O 2 was visually detected in leaves collected from the control plants and from those attacked by herbivores using the 3',3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) method. We found the presence of 8 phytophagous insect species from 4 orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera) on S. lapponum. Most of the shoots were inhabited by Lochmea caprea, Aphrophora salicina and Aphis farinosa. On the basis of the measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence and H 2 O 2 accumulation under phytophagous insects feeding, we have demonstrated that S. lapponum was able to maintain photosynthesis under insect attack and that the accumulation of H 2 O 2 in leaf blades indicates local rather than systemic stress response to herbivore feeding. Phytophagous insects feeding caused relatively weak disruptions to host plant physiology and S. lapponum is able to maintain photosynthetic efficiency under insect attack. Variation in plant traits influence host plant selection and performance of herbivorous insects. Comparative studies are needed to assess the species composition and population numbers of insects occurring on plants from other S. lapponum populations. Detailed knowledge of the biotic factors affecting the occurrence of S. lapponum would facilitate establishment of the form of its conservation.

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