“…Existing empirical studies on ESG investments have mainly focused on the investments returns and provide equivocal results (Eccles et al, 2014;Clark et al, 2015;Verheyden et al, 2016;Auer and Schuhmach, 2016;Odell and Ali, 2016;Park and Monk, 2019;Ciciretti, et al, 2017;Hoepner and Schopohl, 2018;Erragragui, 2017;Gerard, 2018;Kilic, et al, 2022). Some studies suggest that ESG investment returns are better or at least not significantly different from conventional investment returns (Derwall et al, 2005;Kempf and Osthoff, 2007;Edmans, 2011;Bauer et al, 2005;Sharma et al, 2022;Friede et al;Memon and Tahir 2021), whereas other studies find evidence of significant ESG investment underperformance (Hong and Kacperczyk, 2009;Fabozzi et al, 2008).…”