Climate change has become a global phenomenon due to its threat to sustainable development. However, economic development plays a complementary role in both climate change and sustainability. Thus, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is critical to climate change policy formulation and development strategies. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the validity of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis by investigating the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, and ecological footprint for the period from 1977 to 2013 in 11 newly industrialized countries. For this purpose, this study uses both augmented mean group (AMG) estimator and heterogeneous panel causality method which are suitable for dependent and heterogeneous panels. The results of the estimator show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint.According to the causality test results, it is concluded that there is bi-directional causality between economic growth and ecological footprint.

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of EKC hypothesis for ecological footprint with the role of renewable energy use, non-renewable energy use and trade openness in 24 OECD countries. For this purpose, we investigate the period from 1980 to 2013 using with second generation panel data methodologies which allow to cross-sectional dependence among countries.The group-mean results show that the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis does not hold in OECD countries because we found the U-shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint. In addition, it is concluded that increasing renewable energy consumption reduces ecological footprint and increasing non-renewable energy consumption increases environmental degradation.

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A great majority of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) literature use CO emissions to proxy for environmental degradation. However, this is an important shortage in application of the EKC concept because environmental degradation cannot be captured by CO emissions only. By using a broader proxy, ecological footprint, this study aims to investigate the presence of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for the EU countries. The annual data from 1980 to 2013 is examined with second generation panel data methodologies which take into account the cross-sectional dependence among countries. The results show that there is U-shaped relationship between the real income and ecological footprint. In addition, non-renewable energy increases the environmental degradation while renewable energy and trade openness decrease the environmental degradation in the EU countries. Policy implications are further discussed.

In recent years, the literature on financial development, public finance, and other areas has substantially increased; however, remittances are among the most neglected sources with significantly larger resource inflow that may serve the purpose of reducing environmental degradation. The literature on export diversification and education is also limited, with conflicting findings. With this in mind, the current research examined the relationship among remittances, export diversification, education, and CO2 emissions controlling for renewable energy and economic growth in a panel of 22 top remittance‐receiving countries over the period 1986–2017. The study employed second‐generation unit root techniques in econometric methodology, Westerlund and Edgerton cointegration approach with structural breaks, Cup‐FM and CUP‐BC long‐run estimation techniques, and generalized quantile regression method. The findings indicate that remittances help in reducing environmental degradation as they have a negative effect on emissions. Likewise, export diversification reduces CO2 emissions, and renewable energy also contributes to decreasing CO2 emissions. In contrast, economic growth is conducive to environmental degradation. The study also finds a robust estimate of education as a stimulant of environmental degradation. Based on these novel findings, several policy suggestions are discussed.

This study aims to investigate the impact of different dimensions of globalization (i.e. overall globalization index, economic globalization index, social globalization index and political globalization index) on environmental pollution by incorporating the real gross domestic product and energy consumption in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). In doing so, the annual period from 1995 to 2015 is examined with second generation panel data methodologies to consider the possible cross-sectional dependence among observed countries. The findings show that increasing overall globalization, economic globalization and social globalization increases the carbon emissions while increasing political globalization reduces the environmental pollution. In addition, it is also found that Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is confirmed.

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This study aims to investigate the validity of pollution haven hypothesis for the period from 1982 to 2013 in ten newly industrialized countries. For this purpose, we examine the relationship between real income, foreign direct investment, energy consumption and ecological footprint using with second generation panel data methodology to take into account the cross-sectional dependence among newly industrialized countries. In doing so, the possible non-linear relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental degradation is also searched. The results show that increased energy consumption and economic growth leads to increase in ecological footprint. Moreover, the U-shaped relationship between foreign direct investment and ecological footprint is confirmed in newly industrialized countries.