RETRACTED ARTICLE: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Abstract

Background Vancomycin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) is a serious public health challenging concern worldwide. Objectives Therefore, the objective of present study of 62 published studies was to evaluate the prevalence of VRSA based on different years, areas, isolate source, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the genetic determinants. Methods We searched the relevant articles that focused on the prevalence rates of VRSA in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2019. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software (version 14.0). Results The prevalence of VRSA was 2% before 2006, 5% in 2006–2014, and 7% in 2015–2020 that showed a 3.5-fold increase in the frequency of VRSA between before 2006 and 2020 years. The prevalence of VRSA was 5% in Asia, 1% in Europe, 4% in America, 3% in South America, and 16% in Africa. The frequencies of VRSA isolated from clinical, non-clinical, and mixed samples were 6%, 7%, and 14%, respectively. The prevalence of VRSA was 12% using disk diffusion agar method, 7% using MIC-base methods, and 4% using mixed-methods. The prevalence of vanA, vanB, and vanC1 positive were 71%, 26%, and 4% among VRSA strains. The most prevalent genotype was staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec (SCCmec) II, which accounted for 57% of VRSA. The most prevalent staphylococcal protein A (spa) types were t002, t030, and t037. Conclusion The prevalence of VRSA has been increasing in recent years particularly in Africa/Asia than Europe/America. The most prevalent of genetic determinants associated with VRSA were vanA and SCCmec II. This study clarifies that the rigorous monitoring of definite antibiotic policy, regular surveillance/control of nosocomial-associated infections and intensive surveillance of vancomycin-resistance are required for preventing emergence and further spreading of VRSA.

Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Vancomycin-resistant and mecC+ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Clinical Samples of Bojnurd, Northeastern Iran

“…Its total prevalence was 2% before 2006, 5% in 2006 -2014, and 7% in 2015 -2020. The prevalence of VRSA was 5% in Asia, 1% in Europe, 4% in America, 3% in South America, and 16% in Africa (18). Interestingly, we found four VRSA isolates in samples received in different years.…”

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Profile of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Adult Intensive Care Units

“…In the case of BSIs, we see that currently used penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems are not fit for use as empiric, or even targeted therapy. Vancomycin is still a viable antibiotic for empiric treatment of BSIs according to our results, but is at risk of reaching higher rates of resistance already appearing in other countries [45,46].…”

In Vitro Activity of Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Linezolid and Daptomycin Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Collected from Chinese Hospitals in 2018–2020

“…8 , 9 The prevalence of VRSA has increasing in recent years, particularly in Africa/Asia. 10 Although VRSA has not been reported in China, but cases of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA) and VISA were frequently reported, and even included patients with no vancomycin administration history. 11 , 12 Currently, resistance to daptomycin has rarely been reported, while it is thought to be easier to develop drug resistance during the treatment.…”