Respiratory protection against airborne nanoparticles: a review

Shaffer, Ronald E.; Rengasamy, Samy

doi:10.1007/s11051-009-9649-3

Cited by 105 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The shift in MPS for respirator masks from about 0.3 μm to less than 0.1 μm has been discussed in previous studies (Martin and Moyer, 2000;Balazy et al, 2006;Huang et al, 2007;Eninger et al, 2008;Shaffer and Rengasamy, 2009;Rengasamy and Eimer, 2012). The current 42 CFR Part 84 is a regulation based on the photometric detection method that may not be sensitive for measuring nanoparticles (Eninger et al, 2008).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Factors Affecting Filter Penetration and Quality Factor of Particulate Respirators

Huang

Chen

Kuo

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

126

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In the present study, a theoretical model was used to examine factors affecting the filtration characteristics of filters used for respiratory protection. This work was designed to support the particulate filter test requirements established in 1996. The major operating parameters examined in this work include face velocity, fiber diameter, packing density, filter thickness, and fiber charge density. Characteristics of the most penetrating particle size were also modeled with the same operating parameters.The results showed that aerosol penetration through electret filter media increases with increasing face velocity and increasing fiber diameter, and decreases as packing density, filter thickness or fiber charge density increase. Face velocity and fiber charge density have more significant effects on filter quality than the other factors. Filter quality increases with decreasing face velocity or increasing fiber charge density. For electret filters, (1) the most penetrating particle size increases with increasing fiber diameter; (2) an increase in packing density, thickness, or fiber charge density would cause the most penetrating particle size to decrease, and (3) the most penetrating particle size through electret filters increases with increasing face velocity and decreasing filter thickness. On the other hand, for non-electret filter media, the most penetrating particle size increases with decreasing face velocity, and the filter quality factor is not affected by filter thickness.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Factors Affecting Filter Penetration and Quality Factor of Particulate Respirators

Huang

Chen

Kuo

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The expanding production of ENMs has led to serious concerns regarding their impact on human health and the environment in general (see for example the considerable investment made by the EU in nanosafety research in the H2020 programme, via the EU NanoSafety Cluster [6]). Nanoparticles (NPs) are easily dispersed in air and inhaled because of their nanoscale size [7,8]. Given their increasing use in sunscreens, cosmetics and other personal products they may enter the bloodstream by permeation through skin [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticle–membrane interactions

Contini

Schneemilch

Gaisford

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Nanoscience

149

109

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Engineered nanomaterials have a wide range of applications and as a result, are increasingly present in the environment. While they offer new technological opportunities, there is also the potential for adverse impact, in particular through possible toxicity. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art in the experimental characterisation of nanoparticle-membrane interactions relevant to the prediction of toxicity arising from disruption of biological systems. One key point of discussion is the urgent need for more quantitative studies of nano-bio interactions in experimental models of lipid system that mimic in vivo membranes.

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“…Studies of electrostatic filter efficiency typically employ filter face velocities ranging 0.01-0.5 m/s (Fjeld and Owens 1988;Barrett and Rousseau 1998;Wang 2001;Wei et al 2006;Kim et al 2006;Huang et al 2007;Shaffer and Rengasamy 2009). However, some high-volume sampling equipment and sampling applications could utilize filter face velocities as high as 1.0-2.5 m/s, where experimental data are less available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Electrostatic Aerosol Filtration at Moderate Filter Face Velocity

Sanchez

Hubbard

Dellinger

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Aerosol collection efficiency was studied for electrostatically charged fibrous filters (3M Filtrete TM , BMF-20F). In this study, collection efficiencies at moderate filter face velocities (0.5-2.5 m/s) representative of some high volume sampling applications was characterized. Experimental data and analytical theories of filter performance are less common in this flow regime since the viscous flow field assumption may not be representative of actual flow through the filter mat. Additionally, electrostatic fiber charge density is difficult to quantify, and measurements of aerosol collection efficiency are often used to calculate this fundamental parameter. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative influence of diffusion, inertial impaction, interception, and electrostatic filtration on overall filter performance. The effects of fiber charge density were quantified by comparing efficiency data for charged and uncharged filter media, where an isopropanol bath was used to eliminate electrostatic charge. The effects of particle charge were also quantified by test aerosols brought into the equilibrium Boltzmann charge distribution, and then using an electrostatic precipitator to separate out only those test particles with a charge of zero. Electrostatically charged filter media had collection efficiencies as high as 70-85% at 30 nm. Filter performance was reduced significantly (40-50% collection efficiency) when the electrostatic filtration component was eliminated. Experiments performed with zero charged NaCl particles showed that a significant increase in filter performance is attributable to an induction effect, where electrostatic fiber charge polarizes aerosol particles without charge. As filter face velocity increased the electrostatic filtration efficiency decreased since aerosol particles had less time to drift toward electrostatically charged fibers. Finally, experimental data at 0.5 m/s were compared to theoretical predictions and good agreement was found for both electrostatic and nonelectrostatic effects.

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Respiratory protection against airborne nanoparticles: a review

Cited by 105 publications

References 22 publications

Factors Affecting Filter Penetration and Quality Factor of Particulate Respirators

Factors Affecting Filter Penetration and Quality Factor of Particulate Respirators

Nanoparticle–membrane interactions

Experimental Study of Electrostatic Aerosol Filtration at Moderate Filter Face Velocity

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