Residual 2,4-D in plant tissue culture discarded media: a neglected source of environmental pollution

Abstract

The herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is a plant growth regulator for callus induction and somatic embryogenesis in tissue culture protocols. Research has shown that exposure to 2,4-D causes a number of environmental and health problems. Routine laboratory work involves the use of 2,4-D in the preparation of culture media, thus generating culture media with 2,4-D residues, the disposal of which is often improper. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the residual content of 2,4-D in MS (Murashige and Skoog), agrowth medium used in plant tissue cultures, after callus development. MS media were used from callus cultures of bananeira (Musa sp.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Callus cultures were supplemented with 2,4-D at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mg.L-1, respectively. MS media were also evaluated in the absence of plant culture at the 0.2; 0.5 and 1.0 mg.L-1 concentrations of 2,4-D under light and dark conditions for a period of one month. Banana callus cultures consumed about 79% ± 0.27% of 2,4-D in the culture medium after two months. After three months of culture, it was not possible to detect 2,4-D in basil callus culture since the values found were below the detection limit (LOD ≤ 0.096 mg.L-1). Light does not appear to influence the degradation of 2,4-D in the culture medium. Results suggest that the concentration of 2,4-D residues depends on the species cultured. Improper disposal of these media might be a source of ignored and, hence, environmental contamination, depending on 2,4-D concentration and volume of mediawaste.

Scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering based on radiation copolymerization of polymer blends: (I) Zein/poly (vinyl butyral) blends

“…Kinetin and BAP also caused shoot proliferation and improved growth. Additionally, the auxin 2, 4‐D is a plant growth regulator that is used in tissue culture at low concentrations to induce callus formation 33 . Paulownia plantlet micropropagation was adversely affected by the addition of Zein protein.…”

“…Additionally, the auxin 2, 4-D is a plant growth regulator that is used in tissue culture at low concentrations to induce callus formation. 33 Paulownia plantlet micropropagation was adversely affected by the addition of Zein protein. Additionally, as shown in Figure 10 and Table 3, the induction of callus was unsuccessful at all concentrations of Zein.…”

Cytogenetical Studies on the Impact of Gamma Rays to Induce Variation in Vitro in Paulownia (Paulownia Tomentosa)

“…Results appeared in harmony with Chunchukov and Yancheva (2015), who illustrated that auxin promoted root induction. Moreover, 2,4-D is classified as an auxin and used for tissue culture at low concentrations and induced callus formation (Conger, 2018 andCosta et al, 2020).…”

Effects of high-dose 2,4-D on germination and initial development of Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.

“…Among responses associated with the physiological action of 2,4-D, we can mention callogenesis. The presence of calli in damaged plant tissue is widely used in plant tissue culture studies, such as the induction of somatic embryogenesis (GOMES-COPELAND et al, 2017;CIPRIANO et al, 2018;COSTA et al, 2020). Auxinic action refers to the stimulation of cell division, as verified in the responses observed in seeds and radicles of cell proliferation forming the callus.…”

“…In in vitro culture, it is used to mimic the effect of auxins on plant physiology. However, regardless of the recommended use of 2,4-D, it is a chemical substance associated with toxicity and physiological changes in ecosystems (VIGÁRIO and MORAES, 2014;FRIEDRICH, 2014;COSTA et al, 2020). Its use in high concentrations can cause effects over long distances owing to leaching through water flow, mainly pluviometric.…”