Repeated Applanation Tonometry

Moses, Robert A.; Liu, Ching-Hung

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(68)91794-7

Cited by 111 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Repeated measurements of IOP taken with an applanation tonometer resulted in a significant lessening of IOP, even with the protocol requiring at least a one-hour separation of the three measurements taken within each visit. The IOP-reducing effect of repeated applanation has been reported, [21][22][23] although most studies of this effect involved repeated measurements over several minutes rather than the several hour interval in this study. We did not control for diurnal variation in IOP, which has been reported to result in a mean range of 5.8 mmHg in patients with open-angle glaucoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Factors Associated with Intraocular Pressure before and during 9 Years of Treatment in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

Musch¹,

Gillespie²,

Niziol³

et al. 2008

Ophthalmology

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Methods-After randomization to initial surgery or medications, patients were followed at sixmonth intervals. IOP was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Predictive factors for IOP at baseline and during follow-up were analyzed using linear mixed models. Main Outcome Measure-IOP at baseline and during follow-up.Results-The mean baseline IOP was 27.5 mmHg (standard deviation, 5.6 mmHg). Predictive factors for higher baseline IOP included younger age (0.7 mmHg per 10 years), male sex (2.4 mmHg higher than females), pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (5.4 mmHg higher than primary OAG), and pupillary defect (2.2 mmHg higher than those without a defect). During nine years of follow-up, both surgery and medications dramatically reduced IOP from baseline levels, but the extent of IOP reduction was consistently greater in the surgery group. Over follow-up years 2-9, mean IOP was

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Factors Associated with Intraocular Pressure before and during 9 Years of Treatment in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

Musch¹,

Gillespie²,

Niziol³

et al. 2008

Ophthalmology

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“…18 The intrasession repeatability of GAT and IOPg measurements have generally been found to be within about 2 mm Hg. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] In addition, inter-examiner variability or bias is an issue that is theoretically eliminated with the use of an objective assessment of IOP such as ORA-generated IOPg that would eliminate the need for masked IOP assessment protocols in the research setting. In a population-based epidemiologic study, Dielemans et al 19 investigated GAT test-retest reliability and found a mean intra-observer variation of 1.64 mm Hg and inter-observer variation of 1.79 mm Hg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of agreement between intraocular pressure measurements using Goldmann applanation tonometry and Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure by Reichert's ocular response analyser

Ehrlich

Haseltine

Shimmyo

et al. 2010

Eye

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Purpose To compare agreement of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements using Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure generated (IOPg) by the Reichert ocular response analyser (ORA). Methods Consecutive patients presenting for glaucoma evaluation underwent ORA assessment followed by examination including GAT. For each ORA assessment, measurements were taken until a waveform score (WS) of 6.5 was obtained or until five measurements were obtained per eye. The relationship between GAT and IOPg and the influence of the WS upon this relationship was evaluated. A Bland-Altman plot and linear regression were used to determine agreement between GAT and IOPg. Results A total of 518 eyes of 260 patients were included in the final analysis. Increasing WS was found to predict a smaller difference between GAT and IOPg (b ¼ À0.2, Pp0.001). Selecting the highest WS among ORA assessments of each eye, WS continued to predict concordance between GAT and IOPg (b ¼ À0.2, P ¼ 0.006). The mean IOP difference between methods was 0.1 mm Hg (±0.3), which was found to be statistically insignificant (P ¼ 0.391). This relationship between GAT and IOPg was successfully validated using a second distinct data set of 100 eyes. GAT and IOPg measurements varied by 2 mm Hg or less in 53.9% of eyes and 5 mm Hg or less in 92.3% of eyes. Conclusion In clinical practice IOPg is strongly related to GAT. Although higher WS is indicative of greater IOPg/GAT concordance, its influence is minimal. This study does not support the use of a specific WS cutoff to determine quality of an IOPg measurement.

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“…Except for other possible reasons, discussed below, the fact of IOP not undergoing any change or increasing just a bit can be due primarily to the employed measuring method, for, despite the fact that Perkins' manual applanation tonometry is a valuable instrument in clinical and laboratorial IOP measurements, small alterations are inherent in the subjective character of this method (11) . In addition, IOP values were shown to vary constantly (12) . So, it is hard to obtain two IOP measurements with a high level of reliability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accute effects of resistance exercise on intraocular pressure

Vieira

Penna

Marques

et al. 2003

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Several studies have shown the effects of IOP reduction after practicing aerobic and anaerobic physical activities (1)(2)(3)(4) . The causes of such changes have been the target of many studies. An increase in lactic acid and in plasmatic osmolarity, and also a decrease in blood pH are considered the main causes of these IOP variations (5)(6) . Hyperventilation was also pointed out as a cause of IOP decrease after exercising (7) . An increase in IOP after the Valsalva maneuver was demonstrated when this maneuver was employed aiming to simulate weight lifting, but not weight lifting itself (8) . Marcus et al. have shown the effect of IOP reduction after isometric muscular contractions, as well as an inverse correlation with lactic acid and pH serum levels (9) . An IOP decrease was also found after physical exercises by employing isometric muscular contractions (in which the size of muscular fiber remains constant, while the tonus and the resistance against which the muscle works increase) and isokinetic muscular contractions (in which the size of the muscular fiber varies during the exercise, while the speed at which the exercise is made remains constant)(1) . Despite the above mentioned studies, there are no reports in the literature -as far as this author knows -on the variations of IOP after weight lifting itself (isotonic muscular work, in which the size of muscular fiber decreases during contraction and the speed of the exercise does not remain constant). P U R P O S ETo study IOP variations after isotonic exercise of weight lifting in the supine position, in hypertrophy work, by healthy male young individuals. Keywords: Intraocular pressure/etiology; Weight lifting; SportsThe accute effects of resistance exercise on intraocular p r e s s u r e Purpose: To study intraocular pressure (IOP) variations in healthy volunteers after weight lifting, in the supine position. Methods: A descriptive study was designed. Thirty-four individuals were preselected for this study, and a group of 25 volunteers fulfilled the inclusion criteria for joining the initial phase of this research. All of them were healthy without glaucoma. They were asked to lift an 85% top load in the supine position for 8 times. IOP was measured before and after the exercise. Student's t test was used to analyze the IOP variations. Results: A small, but significant IOP decrease (1.61 mmHg) was obtained after exposing 25 individuals (49 eyes) to a specific physical effort. Conclusions: After a session of weight lifting in the supine position with 85% top load for 8 repetitions, there is a small, but significant IOP decrease.

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Repeated Applanation Tonometry

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Factors Associated with Intraocular Pressure before and during 9 Years of Treatment in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

Factors Associated with Intraocular Pressure before and during 9 Years of Treatment in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

Evaluation of agreement between intraocular pressure measurements using Goldmann applanation tonometry and Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure by Reichert's ocular response analyser

The accute effects of resistance exercise on intraocular pressure

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