Reliable Modular Multilevel Converter Fault Detection With Redundant Voltage Sensor

Picas, Ricard; Zaragoza, Jordi; Pou, Josep; Ceballos, Salvador

doi:10.1109/tpel.2016.2526684

Cited by 108 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Karbalaei and Shahbazi 16 presented a new method for predicting voltage trajectory; the calculation takes little time with retained precision. Picas et al 17 proposed a fault-tolerant configuration for the modular multilevel converters to detect faults in voltage sensors and semiconductor switching devices; the procedure is able to detect both switch and sensor faults by comparing the output voltage of a set of submodules. Youssef et al 18 designed a new open-circuit fault detection and isolation approach; this technology is based on residual generation between measured and observed current form factors with an adaptive threshold.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐fault synergistic diagnosis of battery systems based on the modified multi‐scale entropy

et al. 2019

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Summary Faults of lithium batteries in their early stage in electric vehicles (EVs) are usually undetectable, and their characteristics are difficult to be extracted by conventional methods. This paper presents a novel synergistic diagnosis scheme for multiple battery faults using the modified multi‐scale entropy (MMSE). The proposed MMSE can effectively extract the multi‐scale features of complex battery signals in the early stages of battery faults as well as overcome the shortage of the coarse‐grained mode in the standard multi‐scale entropy. The simulation results on experimental data and the real‐world operational vehicles show that the proposed method can effectively detect and locate multiple battery faults/abnormities before they trigger the alarm thresholds. The defined sensitivity factor can implement real‐time evaluation on abnormities with high efficiency and stability, and the developed variable‐calculation‐window diagnosis scheme can synchronously detect and locate different fault types in real time. Furthermore, feasibility, stability, reliability, versatility, robustness, and practicality of the proposed method are separately verified using multiple sets of real‐world operation data. More importantly, the proposed method also provides feasibility to effectively prevent battery thermal runaway caused by multiple battery abnormities/faults. The applications of multi‐scale entropy theory is the first of its kind to battery fault diagnosis on the real‐world operational vehicles.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐fault synergistic diagnosis of battery systems based on the modified multi‐scale entropy

et al. 2019

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“…The SM voltage estimation values for the upper arm are then updated with the error calculated using (16) and the Kalman gain derived from (15) and the previously estimated values ̂( −1 ) . Therefore, to estimate these voltages in one prediction step ahead, the upper SM voltage estimated values can be identified as follows:…”

Section: B Proposed Kalman Filter Voltage Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper proposes a new voltage estimation scheme which aims to reduce the number of voltage sensors required in the MMC. The arrangement of sensors used is similar to those presented in previous studies [14,15]. However, the proposed scheme uses only one voltage sensor per arm to achieve the voltage-balancing of the converter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This improvement provides an important solution against concerning capacitance; however, in all observer-based methods the effect of variations associated with arm inductor values was not included in the design. In very recent research [14,15], the voltage-balancing of a seven-level MMC has been achieved with important reductions in the number of voltage sensors required, where the lowest number of voltage sensors needed is two when sevenlevel MMC is used. Two sensors are contributed to measure total arm voltage of the converter.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Submodule Voltage Estimation Scheme in Modular Multilevel Converters with Reduced Voltage Sensors Based on Kalman Filter Approach

Abushafa¹,

Dahidah

Gadoue

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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On the other hand, as with most conventional converters, the MMC has specific control requirements. For instance, the voltage-balancing of the submodule (SM) capacitors in the converter is critical. However, due to the series of cascaded SMs which are used to construct the converter, the reliability of the MMC is an important challenge [5]. In one example of a real application based on the MMC is presented in [6], where hundreds of SMs per leg were used. This also requires a great many voltage sensors in order to achieve the voltage-balancing of the system. This problem has been extensively investigated in recent research [3,7]; but many voltage sensors are always used in such studies. However, it would be preferable if this issue could be resolved with lower cost and complexity.Several proposals have been attempted to minimise the number of voltage and current sensors required. For instance, successful simulation and practical results have been achieved with fewer current sensors [8][9][10]. However, no reductions in voltage sensor number were discussed in those studies. Another attempt based on an open-loop scheme has been suggested, where fixed PWM signals were applied to the converter [11]. Although, this proposed scheme does not use any sensors since it does not require any form of feedback control, the wellknown disadvantages of open-loop control schemes may threaten the performance of the system. In some recent studies, online observers have been introduced to estimate individual SM voltages [12,13]. For example, fewer voltage sensors could be achieved based on a sliding mode where the proposed method merely monitors the total input voltage and arm current of the converter [12]. This technique has been proposed for fault detection scheme. However, variations in SM capacitance were not considered in this study. In an attempt to ameliorate this problem, the estimation of capacitance values for each individual SM was considered in [13]. This improvement provides an important solution against concerning capacitance; however, in all observer-based methods the effect of variations associated with arm inductor values was not included in the design. In very recent research [14,15], the voltage-balancing of a seven-level MMC has been achieved with important reductions in the number of voltage sensors required, where the lowest number of voltage sensors needed is two when sevenlevel MMC is used. Two sensors are contributed to measure total arm voltage of the converter. On the other hand, the main UK

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“…The above-mentioned methods are based on measured electrical signals and control strategies. Other solutions are based on hardware change by adding an extra voltage sensor in each arm of the MMC [22], or by rearranging the voltage sensor position to measure the output voltage of submodule [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fault Detection, Localization, and Tolerant Operation of Modular Multilevel Converters with an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Open Circuit Fault

Zeng

et al. 2018

Energies

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Reliability is one of the critical issues for a modular multilevel converter (MMC) since it consists of a large number of series-connected power electronics submodules (SMs). In this paper, a complete control strategy including fault detection, localization, and tolerant operation is proposed for the MMC under an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) open circuit fault. According to the output characteristics of the SM with the open-circuit fault of IGBT, a fault detection method based on the circulating current and output current observation is used. In order to further precisely locate the position of the faulty SM, a fault localization method based on the SM capacitor voltage observation is developed. After the faulty SM is isolated, the continuous operation of the converter is ensured by adopting the fault-tolerant strategy based on the use of redundant modules. To verify the proposed fault detection, fault localization, and fault-tolerant operation strategies, a 900 kVA MMC system under the conditions of an IGBT open circuit is developed in the Matlab/Simulink platform. The capabilities of rapid detection, precise positioning, and fault-tolerant operation of the investigated detection and control algorithms are also demonstrated.

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Reliable Modular Multilevel Converter Fault Detection With Redundant Voltage Sensor

Cited by 108 publications

References 30 publications

Multi‐fault synergistic diagnosis of battery systems based on the modified multi‐scale entropy

Multi‐fault synergistic diagnosis of battery systems based on the modified multi‐scale entropy

Submodule Voltage Estimation Scheme in Modular Multilevel Converters with Reduced Voltage Sensors Based on Kalman Filter Approach

The Fault Detection, Localization, and Tolerant Operation of Modular Multilevel Converters with an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Open Circuit Fault

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