Related Factors of Domestic Violence: A Population-Based Research on Iranian Women

Abstract

Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) defined domestic violence as "the range of physically, psychologically and sexually coercive acts used against adult and adolescent women by current or former male intimate partners" (1). Domestic violence is an important health problem in the countries, which devastates the configuration of communities and threatens the individual's life, health and happiness (2,3) Therefore, evaluation of the association between the different types of domestic violence and health consequences is required (4). In general, almost 40% to 50% of women reported some levels of domestic violence in their lives (5). Domestic violence threatens the psychological and physical health and sometimes leads to suicide (6). According to a statement by the WHO, preventing domestic violence against women has been presented as one of the most important health priorities (1). According to a national plan conducted in 28 provinces in Iran, 66% of the studied households reported experiencing violence at least once after marriage and the violence was severe and serious in 30% and 10% of the cases, respectively. The study also showed that violence caused a temporary or permanent damage to women (7). Among the main causes of domestic violence are low occupation level, low-income level of families and low education level (8) as well as addiction and criminal conviction of the spouse (9). Other causes of violence may include inadequate family support, substandard dowry given to the bride, smoking, women's lack of an independent source of income, marital dissatisfaction and the absence of consanguineous marriage (10). Furthermore, duration of marriage and being away from family (11), unwanted pregnancy (12), pregnancy more than 6 times, having 4 or more female children and being forced to give birth to a son were reported to be related to violence (11). Among other factors contributing to violence against women are sexual dysfunction, history of psychiatric disorders and experience of violence in childhood (5,11). Domestic violence causes a turbulent relationship between husband and wife which may harm the family relationship and impair psychological health and marital satisfaction (13). Based on the family systems theory, family members can both influence each other and be affected by other members. Therefore, any problem related to a member causes a challenge and a change in the family system (14). Violence and abuse in families occur frequently with significant impact on children of all ages (15). Studies have

Prevalence and Types of Husband Violence against Women in AL Najaf AL Ashraf city, Iraq

“…This study showed a high prevalence of lifetime IPV (58.5%) against women. This prevalence is similar to that reported in Erbil city of the Kurdistan, Iraq [6], in Salvador [7], among Iranian women [8] and in Pakistan [4]. This high and nearly similar prevalence of violence in these societies may be due to similar cultural and religious factors.…”

Sexual dysfunction and related factors in pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

“…The STROBE checklist divides studies into three levels, including weak, moderate, and strong [27, 28]. Studies that have obtained 70% of the checklist score [15] are included in the study.…”

“…Postpartum sexual function is an important issue for couples, since the first postpartum sex is an important step for couples to establish sincere relationships [15]. Childbirth leads to anatomical and functional changes in the pelvic floor (PF) muscles, which might be responsible for some of women’s complaints about sexual problems during the postpartum period [6].…”

An Evidence-Based Glance at Domestic Violence Phenomenon in Early Marriages: A Narrative Review

“…Poverty or unemployment, housekeeping, harmful drug and drink usage such as alcohol by the husband, the interference of others in the private lives of couples, the dissatisfaction with sexual expectations (16), the lack of women's employment, women's financial dependence on their husband, low literacy, low socioeconomic status, a history of husband's mental illness, and smoking (by 6.5 times) are highlighted as several factors which affect violence (17). Likewise, there is a meaningful relationship between husband's age, marital duration, family income, female's financial dependency, the level of female occupation, female job, husband's addiction, sexual satisfaction, and IPV (18). Violence in low social classes is high and often of physical type.…”