Capecitabine (Xeloda®, Roche, Basel, Switzerland) is a pro-drug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and it is converted to 5-FU in the cancer cell by enzymatic degradation. The role of capecitabine in colorectal cancer has evolved in the last 15 years. In early trials in the metastatic setting, capecitabine has shown superior response rates compared with those achieved with 5-FU (Mayo Clinic regimen) (26% vs 17%), with equivalent progression-free survival and overall survival. In the adjuvant setting, the Xeloda in Adjuvant Colon Cancer Therapy (X-ACT) trial demonstrated that capecitabine as a single agent led to improvement in relapse-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.74–0.99, P = 0.04) and was associated with significantly fewer adverse events than 5-FU plus leucovorin (LV, folinic acid). On the basis of the X-ACT trial, capecitabine was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, and the Scottish Medicines Consortium as monotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer. The next step was to incorporate capecitabine into combination therapy. The XELOXA trial studied the combination of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) vs 5-FU/LV and demonstrated 5-year disease-free survival of 66% for XELOX, compared with 60% for 5-FU/LV. The toxicity profile was also quite comparable in the two arms. So both the single agent use of capecitabine as well as in combination with oxaliplatin can be considered as part of the standard of care in management of early colon cancer in appropriately selected patient groups.
Background: Violence against women is a worldwide problem and intimate partner violence is the commonest form. It occurs in all societies, cultures and different religions. Objectives: To measure the prevalence, types and consequences of husband violence among a sample of women attending primary health care centers in AL-Najaf city. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional descriptive study done on a sample of 323 women randomly selected from primary health care centers in AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf city beginning from 1 st of April 2018 to 1 st of February 2019. Data were collected using a modified version of the World Health Organization's questionnaire for the domestic violence. Before the data collection, the official agreements were taken from the general health directorate and the managers of primary health centers, and verbal consent from the participants, the questionnaire containing information about demographic factors and questions about types and frequency of the violence during whole life and the last 12 months. The information was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The prevalence of lifetime intimate partner violence against women was 58.5% and the emotional violence is the commonest type of violence followed by physical and sexual violence (57%, 41.2% and 19.8% respectively). The prevalence of pastyear violence was 45.6% also the emotional violence was the commonest form 43% followed by physical 25.2% and sexual violence 10.1%. Conclusions: More than half of the sample was victims of violence regardless of its type with the emotional violence being the commonest type of violence.
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