Reduced Susceptibility and Increased Resistance of Bacteria against Disinfectants: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Disinfectants are used to reduce the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms to a safe level and help to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. However, bacteria have a tremendous ability to respond to chemical stress caused by biocides, where overuse and improper use of disinfectants can be reflected in a reduced susceptibility of microorganisms. This review aims to describe whether mutations and thus decreased susceptibility to disinfectants occur in bacteria during disinfectant exposure. A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted with the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science. For the final analysis, 28 sources that remained of interest were included. Articles describing reduced susceptibility or the resistance of bacteria against seven different disinfectants were identified. The important deviation of the minimum inhibitory concentration was observed in multiple studies for disinfectants based on triclosan and chlorhexidine. A reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and potentially related problems with antibiotic resistance in clinically important bacterial strains are increasing. Since the use of disinfectants in the community is rising, it is clear that reasonable use of available and effective disinfectants is needed. It is necessary to develop and adopt strategies to control disinfectant resistance.

Fast Synthesis of Graphene Oxide−β-Lactam as a Residue-Free Environmental Bacterial Inhibitor

“… 1 , 2 It is thus extremely important to enhance our quality of life with environmental bacterial inhibitors because of the ubiquity of pathogenic bacteria. 3 , 4 …”

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of Tulsi extract [Ocimum Sanctum (Linn.)] and Curcumin extract [Curcuma Longa] with 0.2% Chlorhexidine on Periodontal Pathogens

“…Results in this invitro study showed that Tulsi extract and Curcumin extract showed effective inhibition of growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis comparable to 0.2% Chlorhexidine. Although many previous studies conducted have shown antimicrobial properties of Tulsi and Curcumin against oral microbiota, and there is evidence claiming phytomedicinal products being effective against periodontal pathogens 15,16,17,18 ; To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study till date, to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin extract on periodontal pathogens.…”

Incorporating the Gut Microbiome in the Risk Assessment of Xenobiotics and Identifying Beneficial Components for One Health

“…MDCs, such as triclosan and parabens, contribute to the AMR issue, primarily through resistance development against themselves (self-resistance), but also potentially through development of cross-resistance against antibiotics ( Ribado et al, 2017 ). Although the evidence supporting cross-resistance development in situ is not conclusive ( Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety [SCCS], 2010 ), the potential contribution of MDCs to AMR and their mechanisms merit further data compilation ( Valkova et al, 2002 ; Hughes et al, 2020 ; Rozman et al, 2021 ). Moreover, given that antimicrobial MDCs would likely have higher potential to alter and perturb microbiomes (compared to non-antimicrobial xenobiotics), they have been proposed as candidate chemicals in investigations that would built our understanding around the xenobiotic-microbiome interactions in the context of xenobiotic RA ( National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM], 2018 ).…”