Reception of skywave signals near a coastline

The use of piecewise homogeneous ground models for computing sky‐wave mixed‐path loss and antenna elevation patterns

“…Sky waves in the 1-MHz range have been traced over 10-section paths of length around 100 km, with an integration accuracy to four significant figures, using typically one minute of computing time on IBM 360 or CDC 6000 series computers for each value of •. This is considered very satisfactory for engineering appath properties by carrying out an associated ground-wave propagation test along the terminal path of the sky wave[Andersen, 1963b]. More recent measurements of MF sky wave losses[Knight and Thoday, 1969] were made in a part of southeast England where ground parame-ters had been explicitly ascertained in previous experiments and where terrain roughness is slight.…”