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Multipath propagation in mobile Communications 2.1 Multipath reception and transfer function model 2.1.1 Polarisation of multipath fields 2.1.2 Fields summed by an antenna 2.1.2.1 Scalar model using discrete effective scatterers 2.1.2.2 Constant point scatterers for localised modelling 2.1.3 Moving receiver 2.1.3.1 Phase linearisation in localised model 2.1.4 Baseband equivalent transfer function from discrete scatterers 2.1.5 Fourier model using continuous scattering medium 68 2.1.5.1 Summary 68 2.1.6 Resolvability of scatterers 69 2.1.7 Time domain representation 70 2.1.8 Polarisation and antenna pattern effect 71 2.1.8.1 Static receiver with 3D effective scattering distribution 71 2.1.

To achieve ubiquitous PCS, new and novel ways of classifying wireless environments will be needed that are both widely encompassing and reasonably compact. ireless personal communicationscouldinprincipleusesevera1 physical media, ranging from sound to radio to light. Since we want to overcome the limitations of acoustical communications, we shall concentrate on propagation of electromagnetic wavcs in the frequency range from some hundreds of MHz to a few GHz. Although thereisconsiderable interest atthe moment in millimeter wave communications in indoor environments, they will be mentioned only brieflyin this survey of propagation of signals.It is interesting to observe that propagation results influence personal communications systems in several ways. First there is obviously the distribution ofmeanpoweroveracertainareaorvolumeofinterest, which is the basic requirement for reliable communications. The energy should be sufficient for the link in question, but not too strong, in order not to create cochannel interfcrcnce at a distance in another cell. Also, since the radio link is highly variable over short distances, not only the mean power is significant; the statistical distribution is also important. This is especially true when the fading distribution is dependent on thc bandwidth of the signal. Secondly. even if there is sufficient power available for communications, the quality of the signal may be such that large errors occur anyway. This results from rapid movement through thescatteringenvironment,or impairments due to long echoes leading to inter-symbol-interference. A basic understanding of the channel is important for finding modulation andcodingschemes that improve thc channel, for designing equalizers or, if this is not possible, for deploying basc station antcnnas in such a way that the detrimental effects are less likely to occur.In this article we will describe the type of signals that occur invarious cnvironments and the modeling of the propagation parameters. Models are essentially of two classes. The first class consists of parametric statistical models that on average describcthephenomenonwithinagivenerror.They are simple to use, but relativcly coarse. In the last few years a second class ofenvironment-specific mode1shasbeenintroduced.Thesemodelsareofamore deterministicnaturc,characterizingaspecificstreet, building, etc. They are necessarily more time consuming to use, but are also more revealing concerning physical details and hopefully morc accurate.Firstsome keyparametersandthemeasurement ofthemwill be discussed and then the differentwireless environments will be treated. The latter topic is divided here into outdoor environments, indoor environments, and radio penetration from outdoor to indoor environments.The Physics of Propagation T hemechanismswhich governradio propagation are complex and diverse, and they can generally be attributed to three basic propagation mechanisms: reflection, diliraction, and scattering.Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon an ...

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In analogy with the established discipline of room acoustics various aspects of diffuse wideband microwave propagation in a room are treated. It is shown that an equivalent to Sabine's equation for reverberation time in a room is valid for the completely diffused field, depending only on the volume, the surface area and an effective absorption coefficient. An exponential decay of the power versus delay is a consequence of the assumptions. Furthermore, the concept of a reverberation distance is also valid. This is the distance from a transmit antenna where the received diffuse, randomly scattered power equals the direct line-of-sight received power, such that the diffuse power dominates for distances larger than the reverberation distance. A number of measurements in a large room support the theory with an effective absorption coefficient of 0.5. The power delay profiles around the room from a transmitter in the ceiling vary only in the first arriving part of the impulse, whereas the tail being dominated by the diffuse field has the same power level for a given delay and the same decay rate all over the room. It is also a consequence of the theory that the incident diffuse fields on an antenna are uniformly distributed in angle. λ −))) 4ΙςΩΣΡΕΠ ΨΩΙ Σϑ ΞΛΜΩ ΘΕΞΙςΜΕΠ ΜΩ ΤΙςΘΜΞΞΙΗ 4ΙςΘΜΩΩΜΣΡ ϑςΣΘ −))) ΘΨΩΞ ΦΙ ΣΦΞΕΜΡΙΗ ϑΣς ΕΠΠ ΣΞΛΙς ΨΩΙΩ ΜΡ ΕΡ] ΓΨςςΙΡΞ Σς ϑΨΞΨςΙ ΘΙΗΜΕ ΜΡΓΠΨΗΜΡΚ ςΙΤςΜΡΞΜΡΚ ςΙΤΨΦΠΜΩΛΜΡΚ ΞΛΜΩ ΘΕΞΙςΜΕΠ ϑΣς ΕΗΖΙςΞΜΩΜΡΚ Σς ΤςΣΘΣΞΜΣΡΕΠ ΤΨςΤΣΩΙΩ ΓςΙΕΞΜΡΚ ΡΙ[ ΓΣΠΠΙΓΞΜΖΙ [ΣςΟΩ ϑΣς ςΙΩΕΠΙ Σς ςΙΗΜΩΞςΜΦΨΞΜΣΡ ΞΣ ΩΙςΖΙςΩ Σς ΠΜΩΞΩ Σς ςΙΨΩΙ Σϑ ΕΡ] ΓΣΤ]ςΜΚΛΞΙΗ ΓΣΘΤΣΡΙΡΞ Σϑ ΞΛΜΩ [ΣςΟ ΜΡ ΣΞΛΙς [ΣςΟΩ 4ΨΦΠΜΩΛΙΗ ΜΡ −))) %ΡΞΙΡΡΕΩ ΕΡΗ 4ςΣΤΕΚΕΞΜΣΡ 1ΕΚΕ⊥ΜΡΙ :ΣΠ 2Σ Τ ¥ %ΤςΜΠ (3− 1%4

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Propagation and a Guest Editor of the upcoming 2011 Special Issue on MIMO Technology for the same journal. He is a Co-chair of Subworking Group 2.2 on "Compact Antenna Systems for Terminals" (CAST) within EU COST Action 2100 and a Senior Member of the IEEE. Dr Lau's primary research interests are in various aspects of multiple antenna systems, particularly the interplay between traditionally separate disciplines of antennas, propagation channels and signal processing.

A terrain-based propagation model for vertically polarized radio waves is described, based on the field integral equation for a smooth surface. The model is simplified from a 3D integral equation model to a one-dimensional integral equation by assuming that the surface is magnetically perfectly conducting (a soft surface) with no transverse variations. By assuming no back scattering, the integral equation is turned into a simple integral. The method is tested numerically with known solutions. The integral equatlon model is also applied to actual terrain profiles at four frequencies (144,435, WO, 19oQ MHz), and the results are compared with results from the €lata model and measurements. The standard deviation (STD) of the error is a growing function of frequency, from 3 to 9 dB.