The use of piecewise homogeneous ground models for computing sky‐wave mixed‐path loss and antenna elevation patterns

Abstract

A vertical electrical dipole on a smooth multi‐section ground having piecewise constant electrical parameters is considered. This ground model corresponds to typical conductivity maps and lends itself to a systematic, non‐iterative solution of the Volterra integral equation for the vertical radiation pattern along the mixed path. The solution is constructed by summing individual wave contributions from each ground section, of the type identified by Bremmer 25 years ago.