Diagnosing acute scrotal pain and swelling in children and adolescents is urgent and often difficult. A review of 395 boys hospitalized with acute scrotal pain and/or swelling shows that a useful approach is to divide these patients into four groups--those with intermittent but recurrent episodes of pain, those with pathognomonic physical findings, those with definite epididymitis, and a remaining group with nonspecific swelling and tenderness. Five per cent of boys in this series presented with recurring episodes of scrotal pain; these boys should undergo a simple scrotal operation that yields excellent results. Eight per cent had pathognomonic physical findings; treatment in these boys is straightforward. Eighteen per cent had a definite diagnosis of acute epididymitis (i.e., three nonpathognomonic but suggestive findings of acute epididymitis or two suggestive findings plus a radionuclide scan showing bilateral perfusion); nonoperative therapy is indicated in this group. In the remaining boys, scrotal exploration is the diagnostic (and usually therapeutic) procedure of choice.

The physical context for ocean margin exchange at Goban Spur is described. Observations adjacent to, prior to and during the Ocean Margin EXchange (OMEX) project of 1993-1996 are used. They include currents measured on moorings, drogued-buoy tracks; temperature and other data from CTD profiles, especially as indicators of vertical mixing; evidence from models, particularly for turbulence causing vertical mixing. These data are combined in estimates of (seasonally dependent) mean flow, tidal currents, other current variability, exchange and mixing over the main cross-slope section studied in OMEX and in nearby and contrasted locations (aided by the use of earlier and adjacent measurements). Causative physical processes are discussed: potentially northward flow along the continental slope, effects of Goban Spur topography, eddies, wind-driven transport, cascading, tides, fronts, internal tides, internal waves, surface waves. Among these, there is evidence that

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