Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses

Hughes, Gareth; Westmacott, Kelly; Honeychurch, Kevin C.; Crew, Adrian; Pemberton, R. M.; Hart, John P.

doi:10.3390/bios6040050

Cited by 104 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…Initial cyclic voltammetric studies were performed to characterise the electrochemical behaviour of the cobalt phthalocyanine screen printed carbon electrodes (CoPC‐SPCEs) for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide. This particular electrocatalyst has been found to be effective for the electroxidation of hydrogen peroxide and has been used by our group and others in numerous studies . It was important to understand the electrochemical behaviour of hydrogen peroxide with this new electrode configuration, as it is the product of the reaction of numerous oxidase enzymes with their appropriate substrates.…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In the next part of the study we investigated the new design comprising of a working electrode containing the enzyme glucose oxidase. Chronoamperometric calibration studies were carried out at an applied potential of +450 mV (versus Ag/AgCl); this value was deduced from the CV responses (Figure ) and agrees well with our previous studies using a CoPC‐SPCE . In our previous research, we have found that the first part of our voltammetric response was due to the re‐oxidation of Co + to Co 2+ , which occurred at around +450 mV.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 95%

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Fabrication of Miniaturised Screen‐printed Glucose Biosensors, Using a Water‐based Ink, and the Evaluation of their Electrochemical Behaviour

et al. 2018

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This paper describes a simple, convenient approach to the fabrication of microband electrodes and microband biosensors based on screen printing technology. These devices were printed in a three‐electrode configuration on one strip; a silver/silver chloride electrode and carbon counter electrode served as reference and counter electrodes respectively. The working electrodes were fabricated by screen‐printing a water‐based carbon ink containing cobalt phthalocyanine for hydrogen peroxide detection. These were converted into a glucose microband biosensor by the addition of glucose oxidase into the carbon ink. In this paper, we discuss the fabrication and application of glucose microband electrodes for the determination of glucose in cell media. The dimensions (100–400 microns) of the microband electrodes result in radial diffusion, which results in steady state responses in the absence of stirring. The microband biosensors were investigated in cell media containing different concentrations of glucose using chronoamperometry. The device shows linearity for glucose determination in the range 0.5 mM to 2.5 mM in cell media. The screen‐printed microband biosensor design holds promise as a generic platform for future applications in cell toxicity studies.

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Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 95%

Fabrication of Miniaturised Screen‐printed Glucose Biosensors, Using a Water‐based Ink, and the Evaluation of their Electrochemical Behaviour

et al. 2018

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“…In recent years, many reports on screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) technology have been used to develop various electrochemical sensors that detect target molecules in various sectors, such as biomedical environmental and agri‐food . SPCE is planar shape, thus can be used as droplet on sensor, using typically few microliters (μL) of the sample in miniaturized system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Development of an Aluminium Doped TiO₂ Nanoparticles‐modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Vanillin in Food Samples

et al. 2018

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A new chemically modified electrode based on titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) has been developed. Aluminium was incorporated into the TiO2‐NPs to prepare aluminium doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Al‐TiO2‐NPs). Aluminium doped TiO2 nanoparticles‐modified screen printed carbon electrode (Al‐TiO2‐NPs/SPCE) was employed as easy, efficient and rapid sensor for electrochemical detection of vanillin in various types of food samples. Al‐TiO2‐NPs were characterized by energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and analyses showing that the average particle sizes varied for the Al‐NPs (7.63 nm) and Al‐TiO2‐NPs (7.47 nm) with spherical crystal. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were used to optimize the analytical procedure. A detection limit of vanillin was 0.02 μM, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.50 %, obtained for a 5.0 μM concentration of vanillin. The electrochemical behaviour of several compounds, such as vanillic acid, vanillic alcohol, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and p‐hydroxybenzoic, etc., generally present in natural vanilla samples, were also studied to check the interferences with respect to vanillin voltammetric signal. The applicability was demonstrated by analysing food samples. The obtained results were compared with those provided by a previous method based on liquid chromatography for determination of vanillin.

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“…Current challenges associated with electrochemical sensor miniaturization include the generation of low electrochemical currents, higher diffusion rates of the electroactive analytes, and high microelectrode surface area to solution volume ratios. These physical and chemical phenomena result in better electrochemical signal‐to‐noise ratios; however, the higher adsorption rate of molecules onto the microelectrode surface and the higher faradaic currents from both the analyte and the interfering molecules consequently decrease the selectivity of the sensor for the in situ analysis of biofluids . For this study, we electrodeposited micrometer‐thick film of chitosan–CNT onto a 50 µm disk microelectrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger‐Pricked Sample Volume

Shukla

Ben‐Yoav

2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

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addition, CLZ is the only antipsychotic drug currently approved for treatmentresistant schizophrenia. The FDA has recently permitted greater flexibility in deciding whether to continue or rechallenge CLZ in patients. [2] However, CLZ, although a common evidence-based treatment in the field of mental health, is underutilized. The monitoring of CLZ is burdensome and involves frequent invasive blood draws and its treatment efficacy is suboptimal due to the difficulty in titrating its dose, since over dosage results in toxicity as well as possible side effects such as weight gain, blurred vision, confusion, fever, sweating, and dizziness. [3][4][5] Since CLZ is the only antipsychotic with a defined efficacious clinical range, [6,7] analyzing CLZ blood levels in patients easily and accurately provides important information about the clinical range. For example, CLZ serum levels that are higher than 600 ng mL −1 (1.84 µmol L −1 ) have been associated with severe side effects, toxicity, seizure, and myocarditis. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, psychiatrists estimate that CLZ blood levels should be higher than a 350 ng mL −1 (1.07 µmol L −1 ) threshold level to achieve effective treatment. [15,16] Therefore, clinicians have been advocating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for CLZ therapy [9,17] that can be rapidly done at the point-of-care (PoC), such as at the physician's office or at home. Along the lines of the medical treatment revolution that the glucose finger-prick blood test provided for diabetes patients, in situ analysis of CLZ blood levels in microliter samples would enable rapid CLZ detection in finger-pricked blood of schizophrenia patients. Such a blood test would provide rapid assessment of CLZ treatment efficacy, which would better manage schizophrenia treatment and care.Current analytical methods for TDM of CLZ blood levels have limited capabilities to rapidly measure CLZ levels in microliter samples. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Liquid chromatography, followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), [23] is the gold standard and is available in commercial laboratories. A variation of the method used for venous blood has been adapted to low-volume capillary blood using dried blood spot testing. [24,25] Briefly, the sample is dehydrated on filter paper, transferred to an analytical laboratory, and rehydrated for further analysis using an LC-MS/MS. Although the LC-MS/MS method provides The antipsychotic clozapine is the most effective medication available for schizophrenia and it is the only antipsychotic with a known efficacious clinical range. However, it is dramatically underutilized due to the inability to test clozapine blood levels in finger-pricked patients' samples. This prevents obtaining immediate blood levels information, resulting in suboptimal treatment. The development of an electrochemical microsensor is presented, which enables, for the first time, clozapine detection in microliters volume whole blood. The sensor is based on a microelectrode modified with micrometer-thick biop...

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Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses

Cited by 104 publications

References 170 publications

Fabrication of Miniaturised Screen‐printed Glucose Biosensors, Using a Water‐based Ink, and the Evaluation of their Electrochemical Behaviour

Fabrication of Miniaturised Screen‐printed Glucose Biosensors, Using a Water‐based Ink, and the Evaluation of their Electrochemical Behaviour

Development of an Aluminium Doped TiO₂ Nanoparticles‐modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Vanillin in Food Samples

A Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger‐Pricked Sample Volume

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Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses

Cited by 104 publications

References 170 publications

Fabrication of Miniaturised Screen‐printed Glucose Biosensors, Using a Water‐based Ink, and the Evaluation of their Electrochemical Behaviour

Fabrication of Miniaturised Screen‐printed Glucose Biosensors, Using a Water‐based Ink, and the Evaluation of their Electrochemical Behaviour

Development of an Aluminium Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles‐modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Vanillin in Food Samples

A Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger‐Pricked Sample Volume

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Development of an Aluminium Doped TiO₂ Nanoparticles‐modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Vanillin in Food Samples