Development of an Aluminium Doped TiO₂ Nanoparticles‐modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Vanillin in Food Samples

Abstract

A new chemically modified electrode based on titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) has been developed. Aluminium was incorporated into the TiO2‐NPs to prepare aluminium doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Al‐TiO2‐NPs). Aluminium doped TiO2 nanoparticles‐modified screen printed carbon electrode (Al‐TiO2‐NPs/SPCE) was employed as easy, efficient and rapid sensor for electrochemical detection of vanillin in various types of food samples. Al‐TiO2‐NPs were characterized by energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and analyses showing that the average particle sizes varied for the Al‐NPs (7.63 nm) and Al‐TiO2‐NPs (7.47 nm) with spherical crystal. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were used to optimize the analytical procedure. A detection limit of vanillin was 0.02 μM, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.50 %, obtained for a 5.0 μM concentration of vanillin. The electrochemical behaviour of several compounds, such as vanillic acid, vanillic alcohol, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and p‐hydroxybenzoic, etc., generally present in natural vanilla samples, were also studied to check the interferences with respect to vanillin voltammetric signal. The applicability was demonstrated by analysing food samples. The obtained results were compared with those provided by a previous method based on liquid chromatography for determination of vanillin.

Surface Polymers on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Selective Extraction and Electrochemical Determination of Rhodamine B in Food Samples

“…MIPs were ultrasonically dispersed in pure water (with 0.5% Nafion, v : v ), and the concentrations of 1 mg mL −1 were obtained individually. The SPCE forming a layer of thin films from nafion-solubilized MIP are more uniformly distributed than those casted by organic solvents [ 21 , 22 ]. Then, 6 µL of the dispersed MIP was casted onto the surface of the SPCE.…”

Rapid and Selective Determination of Vanillin in the Presence of Caffeine, its Electrochemical Behavior on an Au Electrode Electropolymerized with 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐thiol

“…The modification of the surface of electrodes by various organic and inorganic materials has long been an important area of the applied and theoretical researches . Modifiers such as polymers , various metal nanoparticles , multiwalled carbon nanotubes , boron‐doped diamond , graphene and its derivatives . Triazole and its derivatives as modifier compounds have attracted more interest due to their antimicrobial and antitumor properties.…”

Voltammetric Determination of Vanillin Using a Pretreated Pencil Graphite Electrode

“…In the electrochemical determination of vanillin, various types of electrodes and modified electrodes have been successfully used. For example, gold nanoparticlemodified screen-printed carbon electrode modified with graphene quantum dots and Nafion [12], overoxidized poly(pyrrole) film-modified glassy carbon electrode [13], Aluminum doped TiO2 nanoparticles-modified screen printed carbon electrode [14], AuPd nanoparticlesgraphene composite modified electrode [23] and screen printed graphite electrode [26] have been used for the determination of vanillin using differential pulse or square wave voltammetric techniques. However, our literature search showed that recently often preferred pencil graphite electrode (PGE) has not been used for the determination of vanillin.…”

“…In the determination of vanillin a variety of methods have been developed using chromatographic [5][6][7][8], spectroscopic [3,9,10] and electroanalytical techniques [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Although chromatographic methods such as GC and HPLC with various detectors (especially MS detector) have been widely used for the selective and reliable detection of vanillin [5][6][7][8], they have some drawbacks such as time consuming sample pretreatment procedures, high cost, expensive devices, high consumption of organic solvent, needs highly trained personal etc.…”

“…On the other hand, low sensitivity and selectivity in spectrophotometric methods and lack of finding fluorophore compounds in fluorimetric studies can restrict to use spectroscopic methods. Among them electroanalytical methods have recently been found much attention, because these methods have some advantages such as low cost, simplicity, better sensitivity, wide linear concentration range and fast response [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”