Recent Advances in Fluorescent Arylboronic Acids for Glucose Sensing

Abstract

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is crucial in order to avoid complications caused by change in blood glucose for patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. The long-term consequences of high blood glucose levels include damage to the heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves and other organs, among others, caused by malign glycation of vital protein structures. Fluorescent monitors based on arylboronic acids are promising candidates for optical CGM, since arylboronic acids are capable of forming arylboronate esters with 1,2-cis-diols or 1,3-diols fast and reversibly, even in aqueous solution. These properties enable arylboronic acid dyes to provide immediate information of glucose concentrations. Thus, the replacement of the commonly applied semi-invasive and non-invasive techniques relying on glucose binding proteins, such as concanavalin A, or enzymes, such as glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase and hexokinases/glucokinases, might be possible. The recent progress in the development of fluorescent arylboronic acid dyes will be emphasized in this review.

Lanthanide ions doped in vanadium oxide for sensitive optical glucose detection

“…Optical sensors are of special interest for both external and implantable glucose monitoring due to their potential longer standoff range. One class of optical sensors is based on the change in emission intensity and/or fluorescence-lifetime of fluorescent particles as a function of glucose concentrations [12]. These include organic dyes, quantum dots (QDs), and noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with boronic acid, which provide sensitive and reversible glucose level monitoring systems [13][14][15][16][17].…”

“…First, to make UCNPs sensitive to glucose, they must be functionalized, for example with manganese dioxide (MnO 2 )-nanosheets [28] or molecules like boronic acid. However, these can be affected by bloodstream conditions, such as pH level, resulting in reduced measurement sensitivity and erroneous readings [4,12,29]. Second, the absorption maximum of the typical sensitizer of UCNPs (Yb 3+ ) overlaps with the strong absorption of water at 980 nm and can cause heating [30,31,50].…”

Boronic acid recognition of non-interacting carbohydrates for biomedical applications: increasing fluorescence signals of minimally interacting aldoses and sucralose

“…For biomedical facilities with limited resources to adapt assays such as permeability tests routinely, effective and user-friendly analytical procedures are needed. From this, non-enzymatic methods have been developed that take advantage of other chemistries, such as supramolecular and boronic acid chemistries; these techniques have developed into major research areas that focus on developing glucose sensors, 11,12 and chemoreceptors for other carbohydrate targets. 13 Supramolecular chemistry takes advantage of a host–guest type interaction through intermolecular forces upon interaction, the system produces a detectable change in a signal.…”

Multiwell Assay for the Analysis of Sugar Gut Permeability Markers: Discrimination of Sugar Alcohols with a Fluorescent Probe Array Based on Boronic Acid Appended Viologens

“…8 Saccharide recognition by boronic acid derivatives has grown into a major field, taking advantage of the intrinsic affinity of boronic acids for 1,2-cis and/or 1,3-cis diols. 9,10 Largely in relation to diabetes, development of fluorescent-based glucose sensors has been the focus of much of this research. However, there is a renewed interest in measuring other sugars in biological fluids, such as in blood serum and urine.…”

“…However, there is a renewed interest in measuring other sugars in biological fluids, such as in blood serum and urine. 10–12 For biomedical applications, these boronic acid-based sensors must operate in aqueous media at physiological pH around 7.4 and be free from endogenous fluorescence interference. We previously developed a two-component system that has been extensively studied for measuring glucose continuously in flowing blood.…”