Rapid and Slow Progressors Show Increased IL-6 and IL-10 Levels in the Pre-AIDS Stage of HIV Infection

Abstract

Cytokines are intrinsically related to disease progression in HIV infection. We evaluated the plasma levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in extreme progressors, including slow (SPs) and rapid (RPs) progressors, who were thus classified based on clinical and laboratory follow-up covering a period of time before the initiation of HAART, ranging from 93–136.5 months for SPs and 7.5–16.5 months for RPs. Analyses were also performed based on the different stages of HIV infection (chronic, pre-HAART individuals—subjects sampled before initiating HAART but who initiated therapy from 12 to 24 months—and those receiving HAART). The plasma cytokine levels of 16 HIV-infected rapid progressors and 25 slow progressors were measured using a Human Th1/Th2/Th17 CBA kit. The IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels differed significantly between the stages of HIV infection. The IL-6 levels were higher in slow progressors pre-HAART than in chronically infected SPs and HIV-seronegative individuals. The IL-10 levels were higher in slow progressors pre-HAART than in slow progressors receiving HAART and HIV-seronegative controls, and in rapid progressors, the IL-10 levels were higher in pre-HAART subjects than in HIV-seronegative controls. The results reflect the changes in the cytokine profile occurring during different clinical stages in HIV+ subjects. Our results suggest an association between increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels and pre-HAART stages independent of the slow or rapid progression status of the subjects. Thus, increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels could indicate a global inflammatory status and could be used as markers of the disease course in HIV-infected individuals.

Cytokine Expression and Hypertension Comorbidity in HIV/AIDS Patients at Kenyatta National Hospital HIV Care Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

“…Contrary to findings of a comparative study that showed that hypertensive immunosuppressed patients had lower IL-10 compared to non-hypertensive immunosuppressed cases [29,30]. The observation in this study was statistically insignificant, P<0.886.…”

Biomarkers of oral inflammation in perinatally HIV‐infected and perinatally HIV‐exposed, uninfected youth

“…Although there is no consensus on "biomarkers" of systemic immune activation, elevation of sCD14 has been shown to be a relatively sensitive marker for predicting HIV progression (Williams, Livak, Bahk, Keating, & Adeyemi, 2016). Other markers, such as TNF-α, have more controversial roles (de Medeiros et al, 2016;Vaidya et al, 2014). The association for sCD14 among PHIV but not PHEU underscore the potential risk of HIV progression.…”

Gut Microbiome Alterations During HIV/SIV Infection: Implications for HIV Cure

“…Altered T cell homeostasis in the gut, particularly of CD4 + Th17 cells, coincides with disruption of intestinal barrier function, in which the tightly opposed enterocytes become “leaky” and lose their adherence to adjacent cells (Dandekar et al, 2010). Reports of increased and dysregulated IL-10 production in SIV and HIV infection have also been linked to intestinal permeability and inflammatory signatures (Pan et al, 2014; de Medeiros et al, 2016). Intestinal barrier disruption leads to translocation of microbial products from the lumen to systemic circulation, traveling to far-reaching organs such as the liver and brain and inducing persistent immune activation (Brenchley et al, 2006; Estes et al, 2010).…”