Cytokine Expression and Hypertension Comorbidity in HIV/AIDS Patients at Kenyatta National Hospital HIV Care Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

Chepchirchir, Angeline; Nyagol, Joshua; Jaoko, Walter

doi:10.4172/2324-8602.1000343

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 29 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypertension in PLWH are a combination of typical, well-known factors occurring in the general population and the chronic inflammation resulting from HIV infection. It has been reported that higher levels of IL-17 A, IFN-γ, IL-6, and CRP were significantly associated with hypertension in ART-treated PLWH [ 75 ]. Moreover, the levels of intermediate monocytes CD14 + 16 + were increased with higher HIV viral load, and this may lead to microbial translocation that drives systemic inflammation [ 76 ].…”

Section: Modifiable Cvd Risk Factors In Plwhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Lembas,

Załęski,

Peller

et al. 2023

Cardiovasc Toxicol

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The developments in HIV treatments have increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH), a situation that makes cardiovascular disease (CVD) in that population as relevant as ever. PLWH are at increased risk of CVD, and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is continually increasing. HIV infection is associated with elevated levels of multiple proinflammatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-1β, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, TNF-α, TGF-β, osteopontin, sCD14, hs-CRP, and D-dimer. Other currently examined mechanisms include CD4 + lymphocyte depletion, increased intestinal permeability, microbial translocation, and altered cholesterol metabolism. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to decreases in the concentrations of the majority of proinflammatory molecules, although most remain higher than in the general population. Moreover, adverse effects of ART also play an important role in increased CVD risk, especially in the era of rapid advancement of new therapeutical options. Nevertheless, it is currently believed that HIV plays a more significant role in the development of metabolic syndromes than treatment-associated factors. PLWH being more prone to develop CVD is also due to the higher prevalence of smoking and chronic coinfections with viruses such as HCV and HBV. For these reasons, it is crucial to consider HIV a possible causal factor in CVD occurrence, especially among young patients or individuals without common CVD risk factors.

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Section: Modifiable Cvd Risk Factors In Plwhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Lembas,

Załęski,

Peller

et al. 2023

Cardiovasc Toxicol

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Patho-immune Mechanisms of Hypertension in HIV: a Systematic and Thematic Review

et al. 2019

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Purpose of Review To systematically review recent findings on the role of immune cell activation in the pathogenesis of hypertension in people living with HIV (PLWH) and compare studies from Sub-Saharan Africa with what is reported in the USA and European literature according to guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Recent Findings PLWH have an increased risk for development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Chronic immune activation contributes to hypertension but the inflammatory milieu that predisposes PLWH to hypertension is poorly understood. We identified 45 relevant studies from 13 unique African countries. The prevalence of hypertension in PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the ART-naive PLWH ranged from 6 to 50% and 2 to 41%, respectively. Interleukin (IL)-17A, interferon (IFN)-γ, and higher CD4 + T cell counts were associated with hypertension in ART-treated participants. Summary Targeting adaptive immune activation could provide improved care for hypertensive PLWH. Further research is needed to characterize the inflammatory milieu contributing to hypertension in PLWH especially in African populations where the global burden of HIV is the highest.

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Immunology of Hypertension in People With HIV

Peck

Kingery

2020

JAHA

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Cytokine Expression and Hypertension Comorbidity in HIV/AIDS Patients at Kenyatta National Hospital HIV Care Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Patho-immune Mechanisms of Hypertension in HIV: a Systematic and Thematic Review

Immunology of Hypertension in People With HIV

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