Biomarkers of oral inflammation in perinatally HIV‐infected and perinatally HIV‐exposed, uninfected youth

Abstract

Aim To examine oral biomarkers that have been associated with periodontal disease progression in HIV‐infected adults in perinatally HIV‐infected and HIV‐exposed but uninfected youth. Material and Methods This was a cross‐sectional, multicentre substudy of youth participating in the Oral Health Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort study. Gingival crevicular fluid repository samples from participants with and without periodontal disease (using Gingival Index [GI] and Bleeding on Probing [BOP] parameters on dental examination) were tested for concentration levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Associations were assessed using Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation. Results For perinatal HIV youth (n = 129), the markers consistently elevated (p < .05) in sites with GI ≥2 and in sites with BOP were interleukin‐1β, 6 and 13, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α and metalloproteinase‐9. Serum tumour necrosis factor‐α and soluble CD14 were positively correlated with a summary count of elevated cytokines. No associations were seen among HIV‐uninfected subjects (n = 71). Conclusions The association of oral biomarkers of inflammation with clinical indicators of periodontal inflammation and systemic immune activation suggests that perinatal HIV‐infected youth may be at higher risk for developing significant periodontal disease, associated with tooth loss and HIV progression. More frequent dental care of this group is needed to prevent potential periodontal progression.

Age-specific associations with dental caries in HIV-infected, exposed but uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected children in Nigeria

“…While a wide range of caries prevalence has been reported in school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa, several studies report estimates ranging 10-22% [11,[31][32][33][34]. Results from several studies of children perinatally infected with HIV, including ours of early childhood [4,20], are consistent with our findings of a higher caries prevalence in HIV-infected children [2,3,8,13,17,18,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. While a non-comparative study [42] observed a low prevalence of early childhood caries in children with perinatal HIV infection, several comparative studies [4,13,25,37,43] have reported elevated risk of dentalrelated diseases, including caries, in PLWH compared to their uninfected counterparts.…”

The Alterations in CD14 Expression in Periodontitis: A Systematic Review

“…Additional studies were excluded in the analysis because the levels of CD14 were not specifically retrieved in human patients, but in human cell cultures obtained from a Research center [48,49] and in vitro dental mesenchymal stromal cells or cell line studies [39]. Furthermore, subsequent reports were not included due to the fact that the tested or the control group were known to be individuals with compromised health (i.e., renal transplant patients [50,51] or HIV [52]. Finally, overview articles [53] and literature reviews of markers in periodontitis [54] provided great general information, but lacked the specificity in providing case control study examples, and thus results as such were excluded as well.…”

HIV-Associated Interactions Between Oral Microbiota and Mucosal Immune Cells: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions

“…In contrast, little is known about oral mucosal immunity and microbiota, particularly in PLWH. The prevalence of noncommunicable diseases, including caries (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17), mucosal inflammation (18), gingivitis (18)(19)(20), periodontal disease (21)(22)(23), and oral mucosal inflammation in general (24,25), is higher in PLWH than in uninfected individuals, suggesting a heightened susceptibility to multifactorial chronic inflammation that would compromise the integrity of tooth-supporting tissues. The disruption of host-microbe homeostasis in oral epithelial tissues contributes to disease progression of gingival and periodontal diseases.…”