Pyrrol-Anthracene: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application as Active Material in Humidity, Temperature and Light Sensors

Abstract

This work reports on the synthesis of small molecular semiconductor 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-anthracene-9,10-dione (PAD) via wet chemical precipitation route method for its possible potential applications in sensors. Thin film characterization of the synthesized PAD is carried out by studying its surface morphology, bond dynamics, and optical properties. For studying sensing characteristics of the PAD, its 100 nm thick film is thermally deposited on pre-patterned silver (Ag) electrodes over glass substrate having ~45 µm inter-electrode gaps to prepare Ag/PAD/Ag sensor. The effects of humidity (%RH), temperature (T), and illumination of light (Ev) on the fabricated Ag/PAD/Ag sensor are studied by changing one of the three (%RH, T, and Ev) parameters at a time and measuring the corresponding variations in capacitance (C) and capacitive reactance (X) of the device. As C and X also depend on frequency, sensing properties of the Ag/PAD/Ag sensor are measured at two different frequencies (120 Hz and 1 kHz) to find the optimum sensitivity conditions. To investigate reproducibility and repeatability of Ag/PAD/Ag sensor, each measurement is taken several times and also hysteresis loops of %RH vs. C are plotted at 120 Hz and 1 kHz to find the percent errors in each cycle of measurements. The sensor is active to sense humidity, temperature, and illumination within a broad range, i.e., from 15–93%RH, 293–382 K, and 1500–20,000 lx, respectively. Other key parameters of the sensor i.e., the humidity response time (TRes) and recovery time (TRec), are measured, which are 5 and 7 s, respectively, whereas for light sensing the values of TRes and TRec are measured to be 3.8 and 2.6 s, respectively. The measured values of TRes and TRec for the fabricated Ag/PAD/Ag sensor are shorter and better as compared to those of previously reported for similar kind of small molecular based sensors. The sensing properties of Ag/PAD/Ag device exhibit the potential of PAD for humidity, temperature, and light sensing applications.

Impact of Cobalt Doping on the Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Properties of MgAl2O4 Spinel Material

“…Oxides having spinel-like structures are widely used in modern technology. Such functional materials are used for many purposes like humidity sensor, catalysts, optical windows, and so forth. − The spinel magnesium aluminate (MgAl 2 O 4 ) is one of the most well-known structural materials having a large number of applications in various fields. , The spinel-like materials are used extensively in metallurgical, electrochemical, and chemical industries due to their outstanding optical and dielectric properties. − The spinel-type oxides have the general formula AB 2 O 4 , where A and B refer to two distinct cations of equal ionic sizes and are chemically and thermally stable . The MgAl 2 O 4 spinel crystal exhibits a cubic structure with space group ( Fd 3 m ) .…”

“…The XRD theoretical density (ρ th ) was determined from the relation (3) where M is relative molecular mass, Z is that the number of atoms per unit cell, N A is Avogadro's number, and a is the lattice parameter of Mg 1−x Co x Al 2 O 4 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.09) spinel. Table 2 shows the physical properties like structural, lattice parameters, volume, density, and porosity of the solid solution of Mg 1−x Co x Al 2 O 4 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.09) spinel.…”

Spatial-Division Multiplexing Approach for Simultaneous Detection of Fiber-Optic Ball Resonator Sensors: Applications for Refractometers and Biosensors

“…Several methods have been proposed for physical sensors based on multiplexed sensing. Such sensors have been used for temperature, pressure, and strain sensing [ 10 , 11 ]. Multiplexed sensing networks can be classified into the following subgroups: time-division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), polarization-division multiplexing (PDM), spatial-division multiplexing (SDM), and cepstrum-division multiplexing (CDM).…”