Psychological Operations: A New Variation on an Age Old Art: Hezbollah versus Israel

Schleifer, Ron

doi:10.1080/10576100500351185

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Spurred by rapid progress in capability, terrorism mobilizes the media to heighten awareness of threat among target audiences, far beyond the power of singular attacks to do so. Graphic presentation of conflict in real time in every home has been effective in influencing viewers' emotions and attitudes, closing the gap between viewers and conflict events, and increasing personal engagement (Schleifer, 2006). In this way, large populations who have not been direct victims of terrorism can become victims-by-proxy by carrying psychological effects derived from personal association and identification with what is experienced in the media.…”

Section: Media Coverage Of Terrorism As a Source Of Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention Rather Than Cure? Primary or Secondary Intervention for Dealing With Media Exposure to Terrorism

Slone¹,

Shoshani²

2010

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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The authors examined the efficacy of primary versus secondary intervention in moderating state anxiety and state anger from media‐based exposure to terrorism. Two hundred participants, allocated to a terrorism or nonterrorism media exposure and to antecedent or subsequent therapeutic or control intervention, were assessed for state anxiety and state anger responses. Results confirmed that higher postexposure response in the terrorism media exposure group was successfully moderated by primary but not by secondary therapeutic intervention. Findings illuminate the need in this domain for intervention that is sensitively assessed for content and sequencing.

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Section: Media Coverage Of Terrorism As a Source Of Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention Rather Than Cure? Primary or Secondary Intervention for Dealing With Media Exposure to Terrorism

Slone¹,

Shoshani²

2010

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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“…In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon, which immediately coincided with the creation of Hezbollah (Schleifer, 2006). When Israeli troops entered Lebanon, there was no fighting.…”

Section: General Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Hezbollah can be studied following this theory in that each group gains its numbers by committing acts and explaining their causes with the certitude that they do not commit criminal acts but instead work for the best of their people. Differential association theory is persistent; for differential association to be understood and accepted, one must know that the key process being performed is communication (Schleifer, 2006).…”

Section: Group-based Hatredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hezbollah as a Group Phenomenon: Differential Association Theory

Armstrong

Matusitz

2013

Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment

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This article examines Hezbollah through the lens of differential association theory. The theory posits that violent behavior is cultivated in group interaction. One does not simply act alone but must learn from the tricks, successes, and failures of those who belong to one's group. In this analysis, the theory explains how Hezbollah has successfully managed to recruit new members and convince them to perpetrate terrorist attacks. The essence of any terrorist endeavor is communication among group members. As such, by interacting with one another, Hezbollah terrorists develop their combat skills and learn new tactics. Of particular importance in this analysis is the role of symbolism that forges a bond among group members. Whether it is through the Ashura procession (an annual Shi'ite commemorative ceremony), matams (religious sanctuaries that now serve as political and social gatherings), or calendar events such as World Jerusalem Day, potential Hezbollah members get to learn violent behavior by cultivating evil in groups.

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“…As Dallal says, Hezbollah is engaging in 'increasingly sophisticated and compelling uses of new media and information technologies ' (2001, 367). Schleifer (2006) argues that this media campaign is so important to Hezbollah that the organization can be seen as engaging in a dual strategy that involves both guerrilla operations and psychological warfare. Among the central goals of Hezbollah's media campaign is to construct an image of the organization's enemies, especially Israel.…”

Section: Fighting In Hezbollah's Ranksmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The content of Hezbollah's media generally changes depending on the target audience, which raises the question of what audience Hezbollah's games address. Schleifer (2006) argues that Hezbollah directs its psychological operations at three distinct audiences. Some media target neutral audiences that are potentially supportive, but that must at least be prevented from joining or assisting the enemy.…”

Section: Fighting In Hezbollah's Ranksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating terrorism and insurgency: video games in the war of ideas

Schulzke

2014

Cambridge Review of International Affairs

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This article analyses several video games created by Hezbollah and Afkar Media which simulate recent conflicts in Israel and Lebanon. These games are representative of an important new means of waging ideological warfare which is increasingly a part of the media strategies that states, violent non-state actors and media corporations employ in their efforts to persuade audiences. I argue that video games allow their developers to address players as though they were participants in ongoing conflicts, rather than passive observers, and that this style of presentation is extremely useful to efforts to create an attractive image of people who are frequently described as 'terrorists'. Video games also enable their developers to carefully construct media narratives that appear to be realistic depictions of contemporary conflicts even when those narratives show signs of bias. Through these mechanisms, video games provide violent non-state actors and organizations sympathetic to them with a means of presenting their grievances and displaying their fighting prowess in ways that advance the organizations' strategic goals.

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Psychological Operations: A New Variation on an Age Old Art: Hezbollah versus Israel

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Prevention Rather Than Cure? Primary or Secondary Intervention for Dealing With Media Exposure to Terrorism

Prevention Rather Than Cure? Primary or Secondary Intervention for Dealing With Media Exposure to Terrorism

Hezbollah as a Group Phenomenon: Differential Association Theory

Simulating terrorism and insurgency: video games in the war of ideas

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