Protective effect of ginseng sapogenins against 2,2′-azobis (1-aminopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced LLC-PK1 cell damage

Increase in antioxidant effect of ginsenoside Re-alanine mixture by Maillard reaction

“…7). Recently, we have reported that the hydroxyl group in C-6 and double bond in C-20(21) position were important for renoprotective effect of ginseng sapogenins, aglycone parts of ginsenosides, against oxidative stress-induced LLC-PK1 cell damage (Kang et al, 2012). The significantly improved protective effect of ginsenoside Re after heat-processing at 120°C may resulted from the generation of less-polar ginsenosides such as Rg 2 , Rg 6 and F 4 which contains hydroxyl group in C-6, double bond in C-20(21) position or both of these functional groups.…”

Plant Resources, 13C-NMR Spectral Characteristic and Pharmacological Activities of Dammarane-Type Triterpenoids

“…The same as the other substitution forms, olefinic bond on the side chain influence not only itself but also the carbons on the D ring in different levels. In general, the substituted carbons appear characterized olefinic carbon signals on 13 C-NMR, the signals of carbons right next to it shift upfield, while those of the meta- ones exert downfield because of the spatial relationship between them (DHPPD-I ( 23 ) [143]: δ 27.1 (C-23), 30.8 (C-16), 32.7 (C-22), 33.8 (C-15), 48.2 (C-17), 52.4 (C-13), 72.5 (C-12), 108.1 (C-21), 155.5 (C-20) vs. 2 [133]: δ 22.9 (C-23), 26.8 (C-16), 26.9 (C-21), 31.8 (C-15), 35.8 (C-22), 48.5 (C-13), 54.7 (C-17), 70.9 (C-12), 72.9 (C-20)). When olefinic bond locates between C-20 and C-22, the chemical shift values of C-20 related carbons shift upfield apparently beside C-17 (DHPPD-II ( 24 ) [143]: δ 13.2 (C-21), 28.7 (C-16), 32.6 (C-15), 50.4 (C-13), 50.9 (C-17)), 123.6 (C-22), 140.1 (C-20) vs. 23 ).…”

“…In general, the substituted carbons appear characterized olefinic carbon signals on 13 C-NMR, the signals of carbons right next to it shift upfield, while those of the meta- ones exert downfield because of the spatial relationship between them (DHPPD-I ( 23 ) [143]: δ 27.1 (C-23), 30.8 (C-16), 32.7 (C-22), 33.8 (C-15), 48.2 (C-17), 52.4 (C-13), 72.5 (C-12), 108.1 (C-21), 155.5 (C-20) vs. 2 [133]: δ 22.9 (C-23), 26.8 (C-16), 26.9 (C-21), 31.8 (C-15), 35.8 (C-22), 48.5 (C-13), 54.7 (C-17), 70.9 (C-12), 72.9 (C-20)). When olefinic bond locates between C-20 and C-22, the chemical shift values of C-20 related carbons shift upfield apparently beside C-17 (DHPPD-II ( 24 ) [143]: δ 13.2 (C-21), 28.7 (C-16), 32.6 (C-15), 50.4 (C-13), 50.9 (C-17)), 123.6 (C-22), 140.1 (C-20) vs. 23 ). The changes at C-24 and C-25 mainly affect the signals of carbons on side chain (25,26-en-24 R -hydroxyl-20 S -protopanaxadiol ( 25 ) [144]: δ 30.8 (C-23), 32.1 (C-22), 76.4 (C-24), 110.1 (C-26), 150.2 (C-25) vs. 2 [133]: δ 22.9 (C-23), 25.8 (C-26), 35.8 (C-22), 126.2 (C-24), 130.6 (C-25).…”

Chemical and Free Radical-scavenging Activity Changes of Ginsenoside Re by Maillard Reaction and Its Possible Use as a Renoprotective Agent

“…We have previously identified that ginseng sapogenins, which are aglycone parts of ginsenosides, have a protective effect against oxidative damage by radical generator, 2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in renal epithelial LLC-PK cells [11]. In addition, ginsenosides Rh4 and Rk3, which were generated much after heat-processing, significantly reduced the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells [12].…”