Increase in antioxidant effect of ginsenoside Re-alanine mixture by Maillard reaction

BackgroundTemperature is an essential condition in red ginseng processing. The pharmacological activities of red ginseng under different steam temperatures are significantly different.MethodsIn this study, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed to distinguish the red ginseng products that were steamed at high and low temperatures. Multivariate statistical analyses such as principal component analysis and supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis were used to determine the influential components of the different samples.ResultsThe results showed that different steamed red ginseng samples can be identified, and the characteristic components were 20-gluco-ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, and malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1 in red ginseng steamed at low temperature. Meanwhile, the characteristic components in red ginseng steamed at high temperature were 20R-ginsenoside Rs3 and ginsenoside Rs4. Polar ginsenosides were abundant in red ginseng steamed at low temperature, whereas higher levels of less polar ginsenosides were detected in red ginseng steamed at high temperature.ConclusionThis study makes the first time that differences between red ginseng steamed under different temperatures and their ginsenosides transformation have been observed systematically at the chemistry level. The results suggested that the identified chemical markers can be used to illustrate the transformation of ginsenosides in red ginseng processing.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remarkable impact of steam temperature on ginsenosides transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng

Gao

et al. 2018

“…Ginseng and its active components ginsenosides are known to act as renal protective agents [18] , [19] , [22] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] . Ginsenosides have a common four-ring hydrophobic structure ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ginsenosides are the biologically active components of ginseng, which are generally obtained from the root of Panax ginseng , and they are divided into 20( S )-protopanaxadiols (ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Rg3) and 20( S )-protopanaxatriols (ginsenosides Re and Rg1) groups on the basis of their aglycone moieties [15] , [16] , [17] . In previous studies, ginsenosides were shown to act as anticancer agents [15] , [16] , [17] , renoprotective agents [16] , [18] , [19] , antioxidant agents [20] , [21] , [22] , and neuroprotective agents [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] . In particular, ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 generated during the heat treatment of ginseng ameliorate renal damage by regulating inflammation and apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo [16] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against tacrolimus-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular LLC-PK1 cells

Lee

Jung

et al. 2018

Self Cite

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective effects of six ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Rg3) isolated from Panax ginseng against tacrolimus (FK506)-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular LLC-PK1 cells.MethodsLLC-PK1 cells were treated with FK506 and ginsenosides, and cell viability was measured. Protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinases, caspase-3, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were evaluated by Western blotting analyses. The number of apoptotic cells was measured using an image-based cytometric assay.ResultsReduction in cell viability by 60μM FK506 was ameliorated significantly by cotreatment with ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1. The phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and KIM-1, and cleavage of caspase-3, increased markedly in LLC-PK1 cells treated with FK506 and significantly decreased after cotreatment with ginsenoside Rb1. The number of apoptotic cells decreased by 6.0% after cotreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 (10μM and 50μM).ConclusionThe antiapoptotic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on FK506-induced apoptosis were mediated by the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspase activation.

“…This process turns white ginseng to BG [22]. Fermentation is known as a useful method to increase safety and efficacy [23]. In addition, based on a large number of scientific studies, ginseng is known to have a wide range of pharmacological and physiological properties such as anti-inflammation, immunoenhancement, antistress, and antitumor activities [24], [25], [26], [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventive effect of fermented black ginseng against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Jung

Eom

et al. 2017

Self Cite

BackgroundFermented black ginseng (FBG) is processed ginseng by the repeated heat treatment and fermentation of raw ginseng. The protective effect and mechanism of FBG on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated to evaluate its therapeutic potential.MethodsThe free radical scavenging activity of FBG was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In addition, the protective effect against cisplatin-induced renal damage was tested in rats. FBG was orally administered every day at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight for 10 d, and a single dose of cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally (7.5 mg/kg body weight) with 0.9% saline on the 4th d.ResultsThe DPPH radical-scavenging activity of FBG (IC50 = 384 μg/mL) was stronger than that of raw ginseng. The improved DPPH radical-scavenging activity was mediated by the generation phenolic compounds. The decreased cell viability by cisplatin was recovered significantly after treatment with FBG in a dose-dependent manner. Then, the protective effect of FBG on cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage was investigated in rats. The decreased creatinine clearance levels, which are a reliable marker for renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats, were reduced to the normal level after the administration of FBG. Moreover, FBG showed protective effects against cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage in rats through the inhibition of NF-κB/p65, COX-2, and caspase-3 activation.ConclusionThese results collectively show that the therapeutic evidence for FBG ameliorates the nephrotoxicity via regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.