Chemical and Free Radical-scavenging Activity Changes of Ginsenoside Re by Maillard Reaction and Its Possible Use as a Renoprotective Agent

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species play critical role in kidney damage. Free radical-scavenging activities of Panax ginseng are known to be increased by heat-processing. The structural change of ginsenoside and the generation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are closely related to the increased free radical-scavenging activities. In the present study, we have demonstrated the Maillard reaction model experiment using ginsenoside Re and glycine mixture to identify the renoprotective effect of MRPs from ginseng or ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Re was transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely Rg2, Rg6 and F4 by heat-processing. The free radical-scavenging activity of ginsenoside Re-glycine mixture was increased in a temperature-dependant manner by heatprocessing. The improved free radical-scavenging activity by heat-processing was mediated by the generation of antioxidant MRPs which led to the protection of LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells from oxidative stress. Although the free radical scavenging activities of less-polar ginsenosides were weak, they could protect LLC-PK1 cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, MRPs and less-polar ginsenosides contributed to the combined renoprotective effects against oxidative renal damage.

Cardioprotective potential of Korean Red Ginseng extract on isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury in rats

“…The first type has been subjected to steaming and drying, known as red ginseng (RG), and the second type, which has been subjected to air drying only, is known as white ginseng (WG). In this regard, Yamabe et al [10] reported that the free radical scavenging activities in ginseng are increased by heating processes. Clinically, it is well known that RG offers more potent effects than WG, and therefore, is used more often in treating heart diseases.…”

In vitro antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of Maillard reaction products from phloridzin‐amino acid model systems

“…Similar intercellular antioxidant activity was also reported for sugar–amino acid MRPs in AAPH‐induced RAW264.7 cells . Studies from ginsenoside Re and glycine MR system revealed that the structural changes of ginsenoside during the reaction were closely related to the increased free radical‐scavenging activities . Therefore, the structure of the Pz‐Lys MRPs fractions was characterised by FTIR.…”

Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Decreases Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Injury via Antioxidant Properties in Porcine

“…Yamabe et al reported that the free radical scavenging activities in ginseng are increased by heating processes. 15 Clinically, it is well known that RG offers more potent effects than WG, therefore, RG is used more often for treating cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, RG has been shown to comprise structural transformations in the active properties, particularly in ginsenosides when steamed and dried from P. ginseng.…”