Protection against osteoarthritis in experimental animals by nanogold conjugated snake venom protein toxin gold nanoparticle-Naja kaouthia cytotoxin 1

Abstract

Background & objectives:Increased severity of osteoarthritis (OA) and adverse side effects of its treatment led to the search for alternative therapies. It was previously reported that snake venom protein toxin Naja kaouthia cytotoxin 1 (NKCT1) and gold nanoparticle (GNP) individually have potential against excremental arthritis. In this study, we analyzed the protective activity of GNP conjugated protein toxin NKCT1 (GNP-NKCT1) against experimental OA.Methods:Gold nanoparticle conjugation with NKCT1 (GNP-NKCT1) was done and its physiochemical properties were studied. OA was induced in male albino rats by intra-articular injection of bacterial collagenase and treatment was done with NKCT1/GNP-NKCT1/standard drug (indomethacin). Physical parameter (ankle diameter), urinary markers (hydroxyproline, glucosamine, pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline), serum and synovial membrane pro-inflammatory markers [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-17, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) were measured. Joint histopathology and scanning electron microscopy imaging of articular cartilage surface were also done.Results:Physical parameters, urinary markers, serum and synovial membrane pro-inflammatory makers and MMP1 were increased in arthritic rats and significantly restored after GNP-NKCT1/NKCT1 treatment. Joint histopathology and scanning electron microscopy imaging of articular cartilage surface also indicated the protective effect of GNP-NKCT1 against inflammatory response and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic rats.Interpretation & conclusions:In this study restoration of the arthritic markers and bone degradation by GNP-NKCT1 treatment indicated the anti-osteoarthritic property of GNP-NKCT1. Further studies need to be done to confirm these findings.

Gold Nanomaterials and Bone/Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Biomedical Applications and Molecular Mechanisms

“…Another study also indicated that AuNPs in the form of complexes bound to VEGF to treat RA (Lee et al, 2014). Furthermore, AuNPs could down-regulate proinflammatory responses and consequently inhibit inflammation both in OA and RA (Gomes et al, 2016;Gul et al, 2018). And the protection of AuNPs for ECM of which the degradation is related to OA and RA have been proved.…”

Sarcococca saligna fabricated gold nanoparticles alleviated in vitro oxidative stress and inflammation in human adipose‐derived stem cells

“…60 Other studies reported the evidence of antiapoptotic role of nanoparticles. 61 Our results clearly indicated less pro-apoptotic activity in GNPs treated hADMSCs, caspase-3 (0.734 ± 0.13) and BAX (0.830 ± 0.12) as compared to the stress/MIA (1.68 ± 0.12) group (Figure 10). Contrarily, the BCL-2 (1.978 ± 0.155) gene expression is high in the GNPs treated group that is in accordance with other studies.…”

“…Contrarily, the BCL-2 (1.978 ± 0.155) gene expression is high in the GNPs treated group that is in accordance with other studies. 61 GNPs clearly showed the apoptotic activity against the cervical, lung, and breast cancer cell lines and do not affect the normal cells. 62 GNPs used in the respective study did not show any cytotoxic activity and, also found to act as anti-inflammatory agent by controlling the apoptosis markers to alleviate the inflammation.…”

Snake Venom-Derived Peptides as Prospective Pharmacological Tools: Recent Trends

“…Further correlation of acute inflamed joints is agreeable in the synovial fluids containing high level of PLA2 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [158]. The protective activity of nanogold conjugated with snake venom protein toxin, NKCT1 N. kaouthia, against osteoarthritis in albino Wistar rats by limiting the inflammatory markers at the molecular level has been reported [159]. The experiment provides evidence of metalloproteinase BaP1 from B. asper has pro-nociceptive activity in joints.…”