Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters

Abstract

Fossil fuel is the main energy resource in Indonesia with oil as the dominant fuel (44.1% of primary energy consumption) in 2017. But fossil fuel is not environmentally friendly and non-renewable. Thus, there is a need for alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel. Biodiesel from nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil can provide a promising future as a renewable fuel resource. The used of CaO catalyst from eggshell waste is also profitable, and microwave radiation can help the biodiesel production process run more effectively. Optimization of parameters such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, and transesterification time was performed by using Box-Behnken design. Combinations between biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with CaO catalyst using microwave and treated with Box-Behnken design is considered a new and modern method with optimization of the parameters which affect the transesterification process. The result showed that at a microwave power of 325.24 W, a concentration of catalyst of 3.88%, and a transesterification time of 12.47 min can produce an optimal yield of biodiesel of 98.9079% with the reliability of 92.37%.

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

“…Several literature studies suggest that the basicity of the catalyst is directly proportional to the transesterication activity. 171,195 Similarly, the acidity of the catalyst decides the esterication activity of the catalyst. 383,390 The esterication activity increases with increasing acidity of the catalyst.…”

“…The catalyst is stable up to the fourth cycle, where 87.8% yield was observed. Earlier, Ansori et al 195 reported a chicken shell-derived CaO catalyzed synthesis of FAME from C. inophyllum L oil under a microwave (MW) irradiation. Initially, the oil FFA content was pre-esteried utilizing H 2 SO 4 , which was then transesteried by utilizing the CaO catalyst (originated from chicken shell), and they reported 98.90% FAME yield in 12.47 min.…”

Box-Behnken Design for Optimization on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil and Methyl Acetate using Ultrasound Assisted Interesterification Method

“…In addition, an adeq precision > 4 indicating a sufficient signal and model can be used to navigate the next design. Adeq precision value is adequate (12.7184), which means that the model can be used for optimization [24,26]. This shows that the model is good and can improve the relationship between process parameters in response so that the optimization model can be applied.…”

“…After entering each factor value in the Design-Expert® software version 11.1.0.1 (Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) by selecting BBD, 29 experimental designs were obtained to obtain the optimum biodiesel yield using the UAI method which can be seen in Table 2. In addition, Table 2 shows the actual and predicted yield of biodiesel obtained by the ultrasound assisted interesterification (UAI) method [22,24,26]. Furthermore, an equation is obtained that can be used to predict the biodiesel yield for each given variable.…”

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

“…Earlier, Ansori et al 195 197 CaO/Zn, 198 CaO/KF/Fe3O4, 199 CaO/SiO2 based on palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB), 200 and Mo-Zr/CaO 201 etc.…”