Box-Behnken Design for Optimization on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil and Methyl Acetate using Ultrasound Assisted Interesterification Method

Abstract

Energy demand is currently increasing in line with technological and economic developments, but not accompanied by an increase in energy reserves. So we need another alternative energy that can be renewed, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel has been produced commercially through the transesterification from vegetable oil with methanol using catalyst that produces esters and glycerol. The formation of glycerol which is by-product can reduce its economic value, so it needs to be done the separation process. Therefore, a new route is proposed in this study, namely the interesterification reaction (non-alcoholic route) using methyl acetate as an alkyl group supplier and potassium methoxide catalyst. The superiority of the product produced by the interesterification reaction is biodiesel with triacetin byproducts which have an economical value and can be added to biodiesel formulations because of their solubility so that no side product separation process is needed. To increase the yield of biodiesel and the interesterification rate, the ultrasound method was used in this study. To optimize the factors that affect the interesterification reaction (molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil, catalyst concentration, temperature, and interesterification time), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) is used. Optimal operating conditions to produce the yields of biodiesel of 98.64 % are at molar ratio of methyl acetate to palm oil of 18.74, catalyst concentration of 1.24 %, temperature of 57.84 °C, and interesterification time of 12.69 minutes.

Screening of Local Wild Xanthomonas Species for Xanthan Production on Crude Glycerol-based Medium

“…Hence, the biodiesel industry has become one of the most rapidly growing industries in the world and enlarged biodiesel production results in the generation of significant amounts of effluents such as unused catalyst, glycerol, methanol, soaps, proteins and phospholipids. Crude glycerol is formed in the amount of 10% to 20% in relation to the volume of produced biodiesel, which indicates that significant amounts of this effluent are accumulated during biodiesel production [3,4]. Since the disposal of crude glycerol in the environment is unacceptable and purification costs are high, it is necessary to find an adequate solution for its utilization in crude form.…”

Magnetic Hydrogel Beads as a Reusable Adsorbent for Highly Efficient and Rapid Removal of Aluminum: Characterization, Response Surface Methodology Optimization, and Evaluation of Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies

“…The model F -value is 63.53, and its p -value is 0.0001, signifying that the model is statistically significant . As per Mahfud and Asori, a regression model with a correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) greater than 0.90, a maximum difference of 0.2 between the R 2 and adjusted R 2 , and a nonsignificant lack of fit indicates a strong correlation and a well-fitted model . The R 2 value for this model was determined to be 0.9913, with an adjusted R 2 of 0.9757, signifying an excellent match between the experimental and adjusted values.…”

Separation and Purification Residual Salt from Glycerine Pitch from Waste of Refined Glycerine Production

“…To determine the effect between variations is significant or not, it can be proven by the p-value. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicates that the relation between variables is significant [12]. The response between salt content and salt recovery at the extraction time of 10 and 15 minutes as well as 15 and 30 minutes is not significant, as evidenced by the p-value above 0.05.…”