Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Abstract

Aim:The current systematic review aimed to present the pooled estimated prevalence and risk factors of PPD.Background: Postpartum depression seriously affects the physical and mental health of the mother and child. However, high-quality meta-analysis is limited, which restricts the screening and intervention of postpartum depression. Design:A systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for cohort and case-control studies investigating the prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression from inception to December 31st, 2020. Meta-analyses were performed to identify postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors using a random-effects model. Results:Of the 33 citations evaluated, 27 reported the prevalence of postpartum depression in 33 separate study populations containing 133,313.subjects. Pooled prevalence in all studies was 14.0% (95%CI, 12.0%-15.0%).The prevalence varied according to country (from 5.0% to 26.32%) and developing countries, especially China, have a high prevalence of postpartum depression.The following risk factors were associated with postpartum depression: gestational diabetes mellitus(OR = 2.71, 95%CI 1.78-4.14, I 2 = 0.0%), depression during pregnancy(OR = 2.40, 95%CI 1.96-2.93, I 2 = 96.7%), pregnant women give birth to boys(OR = 1.62; 95%CI 1.28-2.05; I 2 = 0.0%), history of depression during pregnancy(OR = 4.82, 95%CI 1.32-17.54, I 2 = 74.9%), history of depression(OR = 3.09, 95%CI 1.62-5.93, I 2 = 86.5%) and epidural anaesthesia during delivery(OR = .81, 95%CI .13-4.87, I 2 = 90.1%). Conclusions:The prevalence of postpartum depression seems to be high, especially in developing countries. Gestational diabetes mellitus, depression during pregnancy, pregnant women give birth to boys, history of depression during pregnancy, history of depression, epidural anaesthesia during delivery were identified as risk factors for postpartum depression. Understanding the risk factors of PPD can provide the healthcare personnel with the theoretical basis for the patients' management and treatment.

As consultas de enfermagem no rastreamento da depressão pós-parto – uma revisão sistemática

“…Para auxiliar neste diagnóstico, a consulta deve ser criteriosa abrindo espaço para detecção dos fatores de risco. As mães que têm histórico de comorbidades, história de depressão durante a gravidez ou antes mesmo dela, fizeram uso de anestesia peridural durante o parto, e tiveram parto de meninos, estão no grupo com maiores índice de DPP (Liu X., et al, 2021). Os fatores de risco para DPP são: 1) alto risco: fatores psicológicos anteriores, como depressão e ansiedade; 2) médio risco: baixa renda econômica, vivência de eventos estressantes, relacionamento conjugal prejudicado, baixa escolaridade, falta de rede de apoio e gestação não planejada; 3) baixo risco: idade, situação de desemprego, estado civil, história de gestação de risco, complicação no período pós-parto, grande número de filhos, gravidez indesejada, dificuldade na amamentação e violência doméstica (Santos & Guedes, 2018).…”

Marital Age, Cigarette Exposure, Physical Activity, Sleep Duration, and Prenatal Depression

“…Postpartum depression was also reported to be quite prevalent at Sadwa Mother and Child Hospital Yogyakarta in 2017, at 7.7 percent. This demonstrates that postpartum depression requires awareness, particularly in terms of risk factor prevention [10].…”

Body Appreciation, Depressive Symptoms, and Self-Esteem in Pregnant and Postpartum Brazilian Women

“…In the third trimester (from week 26 onwards), there is a greater increase in maternal weight ( 5 , 7 ) and this is the period of greatest apprehension for most women due to proximity to delivery ( 6 ). Up to 6 months after delivery, women deal with the complex recovery of the body from changes that occurred during pregnancy and childbirth ( 5 ), and they are susceptible to psychological vulnerability ( 3 , 8 ).…”

“…Mental health disorders affect many women during pregnancy and the postpartum period ( 3 , 8 , 9 ). Low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and low levels of body appreciation during pregnancy and postpartum can have negative consequences for the well-being of the woman, her partner, and her family, and for the birth and development of the child ( 10 ).…”