Pressure Dependence of the Atmospheric Electrolyte Cathode Glow Discharge Spectrum

The improvement of the analytical performance of direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge generated in contact with the small-sized liquid cathode after the addition of non-ionic surfactants to electrolyte solutions

“…Single-element 1000 mg L À 1 standard solutions of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn were supplied by SigmaAldrich Chemie GmbH (Germany). Non-ionic 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycols, i.e., Triton x-45 [C 14 …”

“…Additionally, linearity ranges obtained for early dc-APGD discharge systems with liquid cathodes were short and only spanned about 2 orders of the concentration. That is why analytical applications of these devices were at the beginning limited to identifying Ca, K, Mg and Na ions in tap waters, which were simply used in these systems as electrolyte and/or carrier solutions [1][2][3]6,14,15]. Additionally, to demonstrate the suitability and the usefulness of this unique excitation source for the determination of a wider group of metals, mentioned tap waters were enriched with Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn ions [1][2][3]14,15].…”

Characterization of plasma in aqueous solution using bipolar pulsed power: Tailoring plasma and optical emission with implication for detecting lead

“…The metallic elements in solution should be transported from solution to the gas phase. The transportation is possibly attributed to desolvation and/or evaporation, as reported in the literature . Atomization followed by electron‐impact excitation reactions to the metallic elements then occurs in the gas phase, which leads to the formation of metal atomic emissions.…”

Spectrochemical Analysis by Using Discharge Devices with Solution Electrodes

“…Flow rates of 8-10 mL/min have been used in most designs. 17,18,[21][22][23] Three more-recent devices, however, operate at flow rates of 2.5 and 3.5 mL/min. 16,19,24 The common feature among these three units is their small cathode size (relative to earlier configurations); not surprisingly, the system working at the lowest flow rate also has the smallest cathode.…”

“…Atmospheric pressure was found to produce nearoptimal signals, and the type of discharge gas was found to have little influence on performance, so most discharge devices have been operated in air. 17,18 Operation in the ambient atmosphere is an advantage in terms of complexity, cost, and portability.…”