Presence of UV filters in surface water and the effects of phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following a chronic toxicity test

Sequential assessment via daphnia and zebrafish for systematic toxicity screening of heterogeneous substances

“…Rather than focusing on the characteristics of each substance, this study focused on the ability of the systematic sequential bioassay for assessing the combined toxic effects of the mixtures (Gao et al, 2013;Grabicova et al, 2013;Masoud et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016). The Daphnia magna, recommended by the OECD, and the zebrafish transgenic models, both abide by the regulations stated by the OECD while providing the means to efficiently carry out an assessment experiment.…”

Hepatic oxidative stress biomarker responses in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to four benzophenone UV filters

“…And the evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers is critical to the investigation of oxidative stress in organisms. Grabicova et al found,after 42 days of UV filter 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonicacid (PBSA) exposure in rainbow trout liver, the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were not significantly different between the control group and the group that was exposed to the highest concentration of PBSA (1000 mg L À 1 ), and no pathological changes were obvious in the liver or gonads (Grabicova et al, 2013). Gao et al observed increased CAT activity in the Tetrahymena thermophile exposed to 1.0 μg L À 1 BP-3, while no significant changes of the SOD activity (Gao et al, 2013).…”

Toxicological Profile of Homosalate as Cosmetic Ingredients

“…The second pathway is by indirect input. Indirect input occurs when UV filters are washed off individuals when those individuals shower or released from towels and clothing during laundering [1,3,28].…”

“…These chemicals are added in concentrations up to 10% in EU or 15% depending upon where product is used. Humans can be exposed to UV filters through two patways; directly through using cosmetics (dermal absorption) and indirectly through the food chain [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”