Presence and vitality of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers

Rimoldi, Sara Giordana; Stefani, Fabrizio; Gigantiello, Anna; Polesello, Stefano; Comandatore, Francesco; Mileto, Davide; Maresca, Mafalda; Longobardi, Concetta; Mancon, Alessandro; Romeri, Francesca; Pagani, Cristina; Moja, Lorenzo; Gismondo, Maria Rita; Salerno, Franco

doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.20086009

Cited by 88 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…While 49.8% practiced open defecation, 46.9% had access to lavatories as the remaining 3.2% had access to public toilets. Upon investigation of the presence of the virus in sewage systems and possible signs of an imminent outbreak, the rundown of South Africa's municipal sewage systems poses a risk of infection to residents and nearby communities [33]. With streamlined and properly constructed sewage systems in developed countries, WBE is observed to be very consistent with the findings of other researchers [32][33][34].…”

Section: Community Surveillance Of the Virus Loadsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Upon investigation of the presence of the virus in sewage systems and possible signs of an imminent outbreak, the rundown of South Africa's municipal sewage systems poses a risk of infection to residents and nearby communities [33]. With streamlined and properly constructed sewage systems in developed countries, WBE is observed to be very consistent with the findings of other researchers [32][33][34]. For instance, wastewater was sampled at the Amsterdam Airport once a week in the first quarter of 2020 with results showing a positive detection of the virus RNA using a quantitative RT-PCR methodology four days after recording cases in the Netherlands [34].…”

Section: Community Surveillance Of the Virus Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fate of COVID-19 Occurrences in Wastewater Systems: Emerging Detection and Treatment Technologies—A Review

Tetteh

Amankwa

Armah

et al. 2020

Water

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The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is currently posing a significant threat to the world’s public health and social-economic growth. Despite the rigorous international lockdown and quarantine efforts, the rate of COVID-19 infectious cases remains exceptionally high. Notwithstanding, the end route of COVID-19, together with emerging contaminants’ (antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, nanoplastics, pesticide, etc.) occurrence in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), poses a great challenge in wastewater settings. Therefore, this paper seeks to review an inter-disciplinary and technological approach as a roadmap for the water and wastewater settings to help fight COVID-19 and future waves of pandemics. This study explored wastewater–based epidemiology (WBE) potential for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and its metabolites in wastewater settings. Furthermore, the prospects of integrating innovative and robust technologies such as magnetic nanotechnology, advanced oxidation process, biosensors, and membrane bioreactors into the WWTPs to augment the risk of COVID-19’s environmental impacts and improve water quality are discussed. In terms of the diagnostics of COVID-19, potential biosensors such as sample–answer chip-, paper- and nanomaterials-based biosensors are highlighted. In conclusion, sewage treatment systems, together with magnetic biosensor diagnostics and WBE, could be a possible way to keep a surveillance on the outbreak of COVID-19 in communities around the globe, thereby identifying hotspots and curbing the diagnostic costs of testing. Photocatalysis prospects are high to inactivate coronavirus, and therefore a focus on safe nanotechnology and bioengineering should be encouraged.

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Section: Community Surveillance Of the Virus Loadsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Community Surveillance Of the Virus Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of COVID-19 Occurrences in Wastewater Systems: Emerging Detection and Treatment Technologies—A Review

Tetteh

Amankwa

Armah

et al. 2020

Water

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“…Numerous sewage testing "proof-of-concept" projects have been recently reported. In addition to the aforementioned Parisian study [9], these include projects in Arizona [8], Montana [10], New Haven Conn. [11], Boston Massachusetts [12], Italy [13], the Netherlands [14] and many more. These reports demonstrate that the movements of viral loads in the sewage track well the movements up and down of known cases in the population, and often with a one-week early warning.…”

Section: Wastewater Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling manholes to home in on SARS-CoV-2 infections

2020

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About 50% of individuals infected with the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) suffer from intestinal infection as well as respiratory infection. They shed virus in their stool. Municipal sewage systems carry the virus and its genetic remnants. These viral traces can be detected in the sewage entering a wastewater treatment plant (WTP). Such virus signals indicate community infections but not locations of the infection within the community. In this paper, we frame and formulate the problem in a way that leads to algorithmic procedures homing in on locations and/or neighborhoods within the community that are most likely to have infections. Our data source is wastewater sampled and real-time tested from selected manholes. Our algorithms dynamically and adaptively develop a sequence of manholes to sample and test. The algorithms are often finished after 5 to 10 manhole samples, meaning that-in the field-the procedure can be carried out within one day. The goal is to provide timely information that will support faster more productive human testing for viral infection and thus reduce community disease spread. Leveraging the tree graph structure of the sewage system, we develop two algorithms, the first designed for a community that is certified at a given time to have zero infections and the second for a community known to have many infections. For the first, we assume that wastewater at the WTP has just revealed traces of SARS-CoV-2, indicating existence of a "Patient Zero" in the community. This first algorithm identifies the city block in which the infected person resides. For the second, we home in on a most infected neighborhood of the community, where a neighborhood is usually several city blocks. We present extensive computational results, some applied to a small New England city.

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“…Every effort must be deployed to limit continued spread of the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mounting evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is amplified in the gastrointestinal tracts of infected people, excreted in stool, and detectable in wastewater at high levels [1][2][3] (Rimoldi et al, 2020; medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020. 05.01.20086009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 Rimoldi et al reported that SARS-CoV-2 is susceptible to wastewater treatment and that viral infectiveness in wastewater is negligible; viral RNA was amplified in untreated but not treated wastewater. 28 Zhang and coworkers 29 in another preprint, however, found the China CDC-recommended sodium hypochlorite treatment of wastewater to be ineffective for the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. These studies await peer review, and further investigation is needed to clarify risks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Could Water and Sanitation Shortfalls Exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Risks?

Odih

Afolayan

Akintayo

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, is shed in stool. SARS coronaviruses have been detected in wastewater during outbreaks in China, Europe, and the United States. In this perspective, we outline the risk fecal shedding poses at locations without safely managed sanitation, as in most of Nigeria where we work. We believe that feco-oral transmission could occur if community transmission becomes high and sustained in densely populated cities without proper sanitation in Nigeria and many other African and Asian settings. In the absence of basic sanitation, or where existing sanitation is not safely managed, groundwater, which is often drawn up from wells and boreholes for drinking and household use, can become contaminated with enteric bacteria and viruses from fecal matter. Endemic and epidemic transmission of multiple feco-oral pathogens via this route continues to be documented in areas without safely managed sanitation, and, therefore, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission needs to be evaluated, tracked, and forestalled in such settings. We suggest that fecal matter from treatment facilities and recovered patients should be carefully and properly disposed. Furthermore, environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and accumulated human waste, as well as efforts to mitigate the virus' entry into unprotected household water sources, should be a priority part of the COVID-19 response in settings without safely managed sanitation for the duration of the pandemic.

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Presence and vitality of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers

Cited by 88 publications

References 31 publications

Fate of COVID-19 Occurrences in Wastewater Systems: Emerging Detection and Treatment Technologies—A Review

Fate of COVID-19 Occurrences in Wastewater Systems: Emerging Detection and Treatment Technologies—A Review

Sampling manholes to home in on SARS-CoV-2 infections

Could Water and Sanitation Shortfalls Exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Risks?

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