2020
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0462
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Could Water and Sanitation Shortfalls Exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Risks?

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, is shed in stool. SARS coronaviruses have been detected in wastewater during outbreaks in China, Europe, and the United States. In this perspective, we outline the risk fecal shedding poses at locations without safely managed sanitation, as in most of Nigeria where we work. We believe that feco-oral transmission could occur if community transmission becomes high and sustained in densely populated cities without proper sanitation in Nigeria and many other African and… Show more

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Cited by 28 publications
(39 citation statements)
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“…Earlier reviews, including scoping and overview articles on COVID-19 focused on the following: (1) occurrence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewaters ( Ahmed et al, 2020 ; Carducci et al, 2018 ; La Rosa et al, 2020a ; Naddeo and Liu, 2020 ), (2) faecal-oral hypothesis ( Amirian, 2020 ; Ding and Liang, 2020 ; Heller et al, 2020 ; Hindson, 2020 ), and (3) generic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) issues ( Odih et al, 2020 ; WHO, 2020a ). This evidence is scattered in several recent articles, but comprehensive perspectives on the current evidence and its implication on the transmission and control of COVID-19 in developing countries are still limited.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Earlier reviews, including scoping and overview articles on COVID-19 focused on the following: (1) occurrence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewaters ( Ahmed et al, 2020 ; Carducci et al, 2018 ; La Rosa et al, 2020a ; Naddeo and Liu, 2020 ), (2) faecal-oral hypothesis ( Amirian, 2020 ; Ding and Liang, 2020 ; Heller et al, 2020 ; Hindson, 2020 ), and (3) generic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) issues ( Odih et al, 2020 ; WHO, 2020a ). This evidence is scattered in several recent articles, but comprehensive perspectives on the current evidence and its implication on the transmission and control of COVID-19 in developing countries are still limited.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 However, emerging evidence highlights the presence of detectable virus particles in wastewater, and feces of infected cases COVID-19. [3][4][5] This led to calls to evaluate the possibility of fecal-oral transmission in countries without safely managed sanitation [6][7][8] and initiatives to assess wastewater for environmental surveillance to detect ongoing transmission. 9 In India's context, where more than 74 million are homeless or live in slums, controlling this infectious disease requires targeted policies to provide access to sanitation facilities, soap, and water in addition to social distancing.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Aboubakr et al (2020) presented a review of studies on persistence of coronaviruses in chlorinated and dechlorinated water, which may help to understand the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in waters. SARS-CoV-2 in the water environment may find its origin in the discharge of raw sewage into water bodies which is common practice in many parts of the world, lack of basic sanitation resulting in contamination of drinking water sources, accidental contamination by raw sewage, or where performance of sewage treatment plants is sub optimal ( Guerrero-Latorre et al, 2020 ; Odih et al, 2020 ; Usman et al, 2020 ). Guerrero-Latorre et al, 2020 detected viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 from rivers in urban streams of Quito, Ecuador where wastewater is discharged into river streams.…”
Section: Modes Of Environmental Transmissionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Solid waste management is another aspect of paramount importance that may contribute to the spread of the pandemic within the community but that has not received much attention within the scientific community. Only two studies were found analyzing SARS-CoV-2 RNA in natural water bodies receiving raw or treated sewage waters with differing results, and it is unclear if there is any risk of infection, particularly in recreational waters where people are in frequent contact ( Guerrero-Latorre et al, 2020 ; Odih et al, 2020 ; Usman et al, 2020 ). From the literature studied, concerns of COVID-19 infection through environmental contact pertain mainly to areas that lack proper sanitation and wastewater treatment, lack adequate solid waste management infrastructure, in areas where raw sewage is discharged directly into natural water bodies, and in cities where air pollution is problematic.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%