There are a number of theoretical perspectives established for studying adult participation in education, but they are seldom examined together in single studies; neither are participants and non-participants examined simultaneously. This study examines the relative power of the major perspectives in distinguishing between and predicting participants and non-participants. Secondary school teachers who were participating or not participating in continuing professional education programmes were taken as target respondents. Results show that the theoretical perspectives of situations, dispositions, attitudes and beliefs in continuing professional education, and social norms and pressure, do not discriminate teacher participants and non-participants and are therefore not good predictors of the participation status of teachers. Only a few factors in the perspectives of motivations and socio-economic background are signi® cant and meaningful in distinguishing the two teacher groups and in predicting participation status.
IntroductionAdult participation in education has been postulated with a good number of variables, which are well set in models and perspectives. However, the various perspectives have seldom been simultaneously examined in single studies. In addition, non-participation has not been de® ned su ciently precise to enable replication in empirical studies or explication in theoretical frameworks. Pryor (1990) remarks that the testing of inclusive models ± the examination of several perspectives in one study ± has been di cult due to practical problems. Nonetheless, some recent empirical studies have started down this path, and they indicate that contrasting perspectives is worth pursuing in participation studies.Despite such precedent studies, the trend has not been followed strongly or explicitly. Usually, only a few variables of one or two perspectives are adopted in single studies. With the increasing number of perspectives keyed into studying participation, it is an appropriate time to weigh the relative signi® cance of diOE erent perspectives in the participation as well as non-participation of adults in education. 506 yan fung mok and tsz man kwong participants in continuing professional education (CPE). The study examines perspectives from the ® elds of psychology, sociology and social psychology. Although the study does not attempt to investigate the explanatory functions of the perspectives, it reveals the power of the major perspectives in distinguishing between participants and non-participant s and in predicting participation.
Literature reviewParticipation studies in adult education involve several major perspectives. The following text sets forth a review of the factors of these perspectives, namely motivations and deterrents, demographic and socio-economi c characteristics, personal disposition, attitudes, beliefs and social norms and pressure.
Motivations and DeterrentsThe motivations-deterrent s perspectives have long been established in delineating participation and non-participation (Mill...