Porcine deltacoronavirus and its prevalence in China: a review of epidemiology, evolution, and vaccine development

Abstract

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the most important enteropathogenic pathogens, and it causes enormous economic losses to the global commercial pork industry. PDCoV was initially reported in Hong Kong (China) in 2012 and subsequently emerged in swine herds with diarrhea in Ohio (USA) in 2014. Since then, it has spread to Canada, South Korea, mainland China, and several Southeast Asian countries. Information about the epidemiology, evolution, prevention, and control of PDCoV and its prevalence in China has not been comprehensively reported, especially in the last five years. This review is an update of current information on the general characteristics, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and evolutionary relationships, and the status of PDCoV vaccine development, focusing on the prevalence of PDCoV in China and vaccine research in particular. Together, this information will provide us with a greater understanding of PDCoV infection and will be helpful for establishing new strategies for controlling this virus worldwide.

A nucleic acid detection assay combining reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification with a lateral flow dipstick for the rapid visual detection of porcine deltacoronavirus

“…The newly emerged coronavirus PDCoV has seriously threatened the global pig industry [ 34 ] and can infect various avian and mammalian species [ 10 , 11 , 35 ]. It was recently discovered that PDCoV can also infect humans and has caused an acute undifferentiated febrile illness in children in Haiti [ 9 ].…”

“…It is uncertain whether there exist other unidentified PDCoV hosts or whether the virus will infect new hosts in the future [ 8 , 13 ]. To date, no effective therapeutic agent or commercial vaccine is available for the treatment or prevention of PDCoV infection [ 34 ]. Consequently, the development of a simple, rapid, visual diagnostic tool will facilitate timely PDCoV diagnosis, disease management, and subsequent molecular epidemiological investigations.…”

Porcine Deltacoronaviruses: Origin, Evolution, Cross-Species Transmission and Zoonotic Potential

“…The latter showed the closest relationship to the Vietnam/Laos/Thailand lineage [37]. As of October 2021, PDCoV has been detected in 26 provinces of China, including all swine producing areas [35,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. From mid-March 2014 to January 2016, PDCoV related diarrhoea outbreaks were successively identified in Canada, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos [30,[43][44][45].…”

Induction and modulation of the unfolded protein response during porcine deltacoronavirus infection

“…PDCoV infection causes acute diarrhea and often dehydration or even death in nursing piglets ( Ma et al, 2015 , Xu et al, 2018 ). To date, PDCoV infection has been reported in many countries, including the United States, South Korea, Canada, China, Thailand, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Vietnam, Japan, Peru, and Mexico, resulting in significant economic losses ( Ma et al, 2015 , Tang et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, recent studies reported that chickens, calves, turkeys, and even humans are also susceptible to PDCoV infection ( Boley et al, 2020 , Jung et al, 2017 , Lednicky et al, 2021 , Liang et al, 2019 ).…”