Polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery technologies for oral delivery applications

Abstract

Introduction Many therapeutics are limited to parenteral administration. Oral administration is a desirable alternative because of the convenience and increased compliance by patients, especially for chronic diseases that require frequent administration. Polymeric nanoparticles are one technology being developed to enable clinically feasible oral delivery. Areas covered This review discusses the challenges associated with oral delivery. Strategies used to overcome gastrointestinal barriers using polymeric nanoparticles will be considered, including mucoadhesive biomaterials and targeting of nanoparticles to transcytosis pathways associated with M cells and enterocytes. Applications of oral delivery technologies will also be discussed, such as oral chemotherapies, oral insulin, treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, and mucosal vaccinations. Expert opinion There have been many approaches used to overcome the transport barriers presented by the gastrointestinal tract, but most have been limited by low bioavailability. Recent strategies targeting nanoparticles to transcytosis pathways present in the intestines have demonstrated that it is feasible to efficiently transport both therapeutics and nanoparticles across the intestines and into systemic circulation after oral administration. Further understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the intestines could lead to additional improvements in oral polymeric nanoparticle technologies and enable the translation of these technologies to clinical practice.

Bone Replacement Materials and Techniques Used for Achieving Vertical Alveolar Bone Augmentation

“…Studies in dogs have evaluated use of BMP in bone defects revealed complete healing of mandibular defects within three months and significant improvement was observed in degree of mineralization, bone thickness and biomechanical strength [346]. A great deal of resources has been invested in the area of micro and nanoparticles in search of simple, efficient and affordable drug delivery systems [347,348,349,350]. Researchers have also tested microspheres and nanoparticles for delivery of BMPs, cytokines and mesenchymal cells [351,352,353,354].…”

In vivo Studies for Drug Development via Oral Delivery: Challenges, Animal Models and Techniques

“…Oral drug delivery is the most widely used and most readily accepted form of drug administration as it is simple, painless and selfadministered [36,37]. It is the most convenient and safe administration route, particularly for chronic delivery, but it poses a number of challenges for the formulator in terms of bioavailability (fraction of drug actually reaching the circulation) due to degradation by enzymes and harsh pH conditions, low solubility of some drugs or limited absorption by the GIT epithelium [38].…”

Perspective on Nanoparticle Technology for Biomedical Use

“…Nanotechnology-based novel drug delivery approaches address issues associated with the current pharmaceutical approach by enhancing shelf-life and acceptability either by uptake efficacy or patient compliance [9–11]. Nanoparticles can be delivered by various entry routes, including oral administration [12, 13], vaccination [14] and aerosol-based drug delivery [15–17], depending on the therapeutic requirement. The selection of the drug administration approach is based principally on the target localization, drug retention time, physiological barriers and pathobiology of the target disease [18].…”