Poly(lactic acid)-starch/Expandable Graphite (PLA-starch/EG) Flame Retardant Composites

Mngomezulu, Mfiso Emmanuel; Luyt, Adriaan S.; Chapple, Steve; John, Maya Jacob

doi:10.7569/jrm.2017.634140

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…[16,17] Researchers also prepared ternary polymer blends with PLA, starch, and other polymers [18] or utilized inorganic fillers for the reinforcement of PLA/starch blends. [19,20] Fabrication of composites with PLA and natural polymeric materials is another attractive and effective strategy for the improvement of mechanical properties and sustainability of PLA. For instance, natural fibers (such as ramie fiber and cellulose fiber) are often considered in the preparation of PLA composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on two modification strategies for the reinforcement of biodegradable lignin/poly(lactic acid) blends

Chang

Jiang

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this work, biodegradable lignin/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends were prepared with melting compounding method. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and maleic anhydride (MA)/biphenyl peroxide (BPO) were used for the modification of the polymer blends, respectively. Structure of the polymer blends was characterized with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the samples were determined with universal test machine and dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal behaviors and thermal stability of the blends were all characterized with a thermal gravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry simultaneous thermal analyzer. Lignin reinforced the mechanical strength of the blends while the thermal stability was not improved. At low content, DCP and MA/BPO apparently enhanced the mechanical strength of lignin/PLA blends. However, excessive DCP led to decreased tensile strength and elongation at break. Both DCP and MA/BPO resulted in lower glass transition temperature and melting temperature of PLA in the blends, while the thermal stability of the polymer blends was poorer after modification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on two modification strategies for the reinforcement of biodegradable lignin/poly(lactic acid) blends

Chang

Jiang

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Biopolymer materials such as cellulose, starch, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and polycaprolactone (PCL), on the other hand, are obtained from renewable resources. They may offer advantages such as biodegradability, eco‐friendly, recyclability, better mechanical properties and easy processability by conventional methods (e.g., blow and injection moulding, and thermoforming) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biopolymers, however, have inherent physical and/or chemical limitations that may be remedied by either blending and/or composite formation approaches. For instance, PLA has poor toughness, hydrophobicity, and poor flammability performance . To modify these properties of PLA, various polymers including poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) thermoplastic starch (TPS) have been used .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PLA has been compounded with ammonium polyphosphate, boehmite, clays, halloysite, talc, silica, and graphite and the resulting materials were characterized to have better thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance performance . For instance, PLA was reported as flammable and burning with intense dripping during combustion; however, the incorporation of clay and/or expanded graphite rendered PLA composites fire resistant . In another study, Kimura and Horikoshi reported that the developed PLA‐based flame‐resistant housings for notebook computers showed optimal physical and flammability properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The good mechanical and flammability properties were attributed to the synergistic effect of the flame retardants and expandable graphite (EG). Recently, the effect of commercial expandable graphite on flammability and thermal stability properties of PLA‐starch/EG composites were reported .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of expandable graphite on thermal and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)‐starch/poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) blend systems

Mngomezulu

Luyt

Chapple

et al. 2017

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The effect of expandable graphite (EG) on the flammability and thermal stability of a poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-starch/ poly(E-caprolactone) (PCL) blend was investigated. The samples were prepared by melt-mixing and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), simultaneous TGA-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and cone calorimetry. The char residues of the composites after combustion in the cone calorimeter were analyzed with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The thermal degradation stability of the composites was improved and the char content was found to be increased. The flammability performance results indicated that the PLA-starch/PCL blend was successfully modified with the EG micro-filler to obtain fire resistant composites, especially at high filler loadings, due to the formation of an intumescent carbonaceous char. This was confirmed by reductions of up to 64% in both the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total smoke release (TSR), and 54% in the specific extinction area (SEA). This is due to the EG acting mainly through a physical mode by cooling and fuel dilution, and through the formation of an intumescent char layer. However, the effective heat of combustion (EHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) yields did not favorably improve. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 00:000-000, 2017.Temperature at maximum weight loss from DTG. The values in parenthesis are the expected residue % (at 7008C) calculated from {residue % of the blend (e.g., 8.3%) 3 weight fraction of the blend (e.g., 0.95) 1 weight fraction of EG (e.g., 5%) 5 13%}.

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A comprehensive review on plant‐based natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: Fabrication, properties, and applications

et al. 2023

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Natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) have gained limelight in many applications during the recent years, owing to their availability, as well as superior mechanical characteristics, cost‐effectiveness, biodegradability, and lightweight. A comprehensive understanding of the manufacturing methods, proeprties and characteristics of natural fibers pave way for begetting a wide spectrum of applications for the NFPCs in automobile, aerospace, electronics, and other engineering fields. The current review article is about natural fiber‐reinforced composites, the commonly used fabrication methods, including fiber pre‐treatments, and numerous intermediate steps added to achieve improved bonding, processability of these composites, their properties and application prospects. Various state‐of‐the‐art methods like additive manufacturing, vaccum bag molding, and autoclave has also been discussed. The mechanical properties obtained through various fiber reinforcements in accordance with process parameters has a substantial impact in the industrial applications of NFPCs. The tribological applications of NFPCs are becoming increasingly important in order to deal with the mechanical and chemical wear and tear during their service life in contact applications. Flammability behavior and biodegradability assessment of NFPCs are important for high‐temperature and outdoor environmental applications of these materials. The review also includes a comprehensive discussion about the trending applications and future prospects for NFPCs.

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Poly(lactic acid)-starch/Expandable Graphite (PLA-starch/EG) Flame Retardant Composites

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Investigation on two modification strategies for the reinforcement of biodegradable lignin/poly(lactic acid) blends

Investigation on two modification strategies for the reinforcement of biodegradable lignin/poly(lactic acid) blends

Effect of expandable graphite on thermal and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)‐starch/poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) blend systems

A comprehensive review on plant‐based natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: Fabrication, properties, and applications

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