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Poor permeability of stratum corneum limits the transportation of insulin across the skin. A transdermal peptide has exhibited enhancement activity on insulin transdermal delivery. A series of cationic cyclopeptides based on the sequence of TD-1 (ACSSSPSKHCG) were designed by the partial arginine or lysine scan method. Among these peptides, TD-34 (ACSSKKSKHCG) with bis-substituted lysine in N-5 and N-6 showed the best transdermal enhancement activity, with the blood glucose level lowered to about 26% of initial after administrating 2.1 IU insulin with 0.5 μmol of TD-34 in 100 μL of saline for 8 h to diabetic rats in vivo. In addition, the transmembrane permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayers (BL→AP) exhibited preferable correlation with percutaneous absorption of insulin (R(2) = 0.73). It can be concluded that the appropriate content and position of cationic group in cyclopeptides may improve percutaneous absorption and transmembrane ability of insulin, and Caco-2 cell monolayers (BL→AP) might be applied to predict the percutaneous absorption of insulin chaperoned by a transdermal peptide in vivo.

Simulation and experimental results on the transport of microbes and nutrients in one-dimensional coreflooding experiments are presented, and the development of a three-dimensional, three-phase, multiple-component numerical model to describe the microbial transport phenomena in porous media is described. The governing equations in the mathematical model include net flux of microbes by convection and dispersion, decay and growth rates of microbes, Chemotaxis and nutrient consumption, and deposition of microbes on rock grain surfaces. Porosity and permeability reductions due to cell clogging have been considered and the production of gas by microbial metabolism has been incorporated. Governing equations for microbial and nutrient transport are coupled with continuity and flow equations under conditions appropriate for a black oil reservoir. The computer simulator has been used to determine the effects of various transport parameters on microbial transport phenomena. The model can accurately describe the observed transport of microbes, nutrients, and metabolites in coreflooding experiments. Input parameters are determined by matching laboratory experimental results. The model can be used to predict the propagation of microbes and nutrients in a model reservoir and to optimize injection strategies. Optimization of injection strategy results in increased oil recovery due to improvements in sweep efficiency.

The amount and distribution of residual oil saturation (ROS) are critical parameters for determining whether to apply an EOR process to a reservoir. A brief review of available ROS techniques is presented, indicating advantages, limitations, problems, and possible improvements of each technique. Advantages and disadvantages of each ROS-determination technique are summarized. Screening criteria for determining the best ROS technique under certain well bore or reservoir conditions are presented.This paper also presents results from comparisons of ROS measurements obtained from the literature as calculated from resistivity logs, pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logs, pressure coring, single-well tracer tests, nuclear magnetism logs (NML), carbon/oxygen (C/O) logs, and electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT) measurements. In this study, the ROS measured by each method is compared with that determined by other methods conducted in the same well. The comparison shows that average values of ROS determined by C/O log, PNC-LIL (log-inject-log), and single-well tracer test do not differ statistically when compared with other methods. The resistivity log tends to give higher than average [2 saturation units (s.u.)] ROS measurements, while pressure coring tends to give lower than average (4 s.u.) ROS values. EPT and NML show deviations of about 8 s.U. of ROS values from other methods, which indicates a statistically significant difference. ROS vertical profiles obtained by two different methods from the same well were compared to eliminate the ROS variation resulting from formation depth. The vertical profiles based on ROS zoning and foot-by-foot measurements were studied to provide more "resolution" for comparisons. The results show that discrepancies in measurement methods are more pronounced when vertical profiles are divided into different zones. This could mean that the discrepancies are much greater for some zones than for others. This approach offers the possibility of studying ROS-method discrepancies as a function of different ROS values.