Abstract:BackgroundTaxes on alcohol and tobacco have long been an important means of raising revenues for public spending in many countries but there is increasing interest in using taxes on these, and other unhealthy products, to achieve public health goals. We present a systematic review of the research on health taxes, and aim to generate insights into how such taxes can: (i) reduce consumption of targeted products and related harms; (ii) generate revenues for health objectives and distribute the tax burden across i… Show more
“…Instead, entirely new approaches may achieve similar results. For example, research is needed to determine whether population or policy interventions such as the levying of taxes, [93][94][95][96] the creation of standards for school cafeteria food and kids' meals in restaurants, 97,98 and the implementation of media campaigns might achieve similar results. 99 Environmental approaches need to be independently tested and evaluated.…”
Section: Environment and Policy-level Researchmentioning
“…Instead, entirely new approaches may achieve similar results. For example, research is needed to determine whether population or policy interventions such as the levying of taxes, [93][94][95][96] the creation of standards for school cafeteria food and kids' meals in restaurants, 97,98 and the implementation of media campaigns might achieve similar results. 99 Environmental approaches need to be independently tested and evaluated.…”
Section: Environment and Policy-level Researchmentioning
“…Globally increased taxes on alcohol and tobacco reduced consumption of targeted products while generating revenues for achieving sustainable health objectives, distributing the burden of tax across all socio-economic groups in an equitable and efficient manner; thereby making it more politically sustainable. 27 Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of OSF has been established by consensus of histopathologists and oral maxillofacial surgeons in a workshop in Malaysia. 28 This clinical criterion includes presence of leathery mucosal texture, fibrous bands that are palpable manually, loss of appearance of tongue papillae, burning sensation to spicy food in all clinical cases, rigidity of the tongue and blanching of mucosa.…”
Section: Banning Of Areca Nut and Its Products In Pakistanmentioning
Objectives: Oral Submucous Fibrosis is a chronic, high risk, debilitating, pre-cancerous oral condition that is prevalent in Southeast Asian consumers of areca nut. This study was conducted to determine regarding gender specificity with relation to stages of OSF and medical & surgical treatment modalities. Setting: OSF patients treated at Oral Surgery clinics of Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences. Period: From January 2016 to November 2017. Design of Study: Cross-sectional Hospital based study. Materials & Methods: Patients were divided into four groups based on their clinical presentations according to Khanna JN and Andrade NN classification. Two groups were divided based on treatment modalities. First group comprised of patients treated conservatively with medications and physiotherapy while the second group comprised of patients treated surgically. Results: Out of 225 patients treated with OSF, 88% of them were males while 12% were females with male to female ratio of 7:1. As per Khanna & Andrade classification, 9.7% belonged to group II, while 34.6% belonged to III and 55.5% of OSF patients belonged to IV-A. 56.8% of patients were treated conservatively while 43.1% were treated surgically. In the group of patients treated surgically, majority 84.6% of patients were treated with buccal fat pad while only 15.4% has nasolabial flap surgery performed. Conclusion: Statistical significant difference male preponderance in OSF disease severity was observed as compared to women in this sample of Pakistani population reporting to tertiary care hospital. A holistic approach should be undertaken with public health policies in place to discourage the use of areca nut products with or without tobacco and lower the burden of OSF in the general population.
“…Sugar‐sweetened beverage taxes generate revenue that can be reinvested to further improve health, as occurs with revenues from tobacco taxation. At the implementation of SSB taxes, some governments posited that revenues from SSB taxes would be earmarked for public health activities. For example, the UK government stated that revenues from the Soft Drink Industry Levy would fund physical education activities in primary schools and provide a funding boost for breakfast clubs.…”
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