Point of Care- A Novel Approach to Periodontal Diagnosis-A Review

Abstract

Periodontal disease, one of the prevalent oral diseases, is characterized by gingival inflammation and periodontal tissue destruction. Diagnosing this disease is challenging to the clinicians as the disease process is discontinuous and shows periods of exacerbation and remission. Traditional diagnostic methods basically tells about the past tissue destruction so new diagnostic methods are required which is able to detect the active state of the disease, determine the future progression and also estimates the response to the therapy, thereby helping in the better clinical management of the patient. Both saliva and Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are believed to be reliable medium to detect the biomarkers which plays a pivotal role in measuring the disease activity. Keeping these observations in mind rapid chairside tests are developed to diagnose periodontal disease called as Point of Care (POC) diagnostics which simplifies diagnosis and helps in improving the prognosis. This review article highlights about the biomarkers used in the diagnosis and throws light on the various available point of care diagnostic devices.

Lactate Dehydrogenase and β-Glucuronidase as Salivary Biochemical Markers of Periodontitis Among Smokers and Non-Smokers

“…5 However, the utility of such measurements is limited because these findings may display evidence of previous rather than current disease activity. 6 The saliva contains a wide and unique variety of proteins and enzymes with important oral biological functions. The pathogenesis of periodontitis has been linked to alterations in various salivary enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, matrix metalloproteinases 8 and 1, aminotransferases, amylase, β-glucuronidases, arginase, chitinases and dipeptidyl peptidase.…”

The influence of thyroid hormones on mitochondrial mechanisms of blood neutrophils’ apoptosis in case of experimental periodontitis

“…Periodontitis is an immune inflammatory response which arises from the interaction between the periodontal-pathogenic bacteria and the host 3 . Tissue destruction in periodontal diseases is considered to be the result of an altered inflammatory/immune response to microbial plaque and involves massive release of neutrophils, ROS and enzymes 4 .…”

Necrotic and apoptotic changes of neutrophils and mononocytes of blood in experimental periodontitis and their corrections by quercetin

“…The effectiveness of therapeutic effects and preventive measures depends from this [2]. Among the wide spread diseases connected with periodontal complex is periodontitis, in particular its generalized form, in which inflammatory-dystrophic processes inc lude all its tissues [3,4].The mechanisms owing to which local and general factors, differed by nature and character, lead ultimately to inflammatory and destructive lesions of periodontal tissues unresolved [5]. It is noted that in the process of chronic inflammation development with the destruction of periodontum and bone tissue, the immune response to microorganisms of the oral cavity is realised unstandard way.…”