Planting coffee and take care of forest: A case study on coffee cultivation in the forest carried out among people of Palintang, Highland of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R, Alfian RL. 2018. Planting coffee and take care of forest: A case study on coffee cultivation in the forest carried out among people of Palintang, Highland of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2183-2195. People of Palintang hamlet of highland of Bandung, West Java have interacted with the forest ecosystem for a long time. In the past, initially, they cultivated forest by practicing swidden farming system (ngahuma) based on the traditional ecological knowledge which strongly embedded with local culture. During the Dutch colonial, some people of Palintang involved as the laborer of various activities of the culture system in the forest. After Indonesian independence, Palintang people have participated as laborers in various activities in the mixed-cropping (tumpangsari) program of the Forestry Service (Dinas Kehutan) and later on the State Forestry Corporation (Perhutani). In 1983, the tumpangsari program was formally prohibited because of its potency to cause environmental destructions, but some people of Palintang have continuously planted vegetables in the forest to get household income. Although the cultivation of vegetables in the forest provided some economic benefits, however, some forest destruction and environmental destructions, including soil erosion, landslide, pesticide pollution have not been inevitable. In 2005 Perhutani launched the management of forest resources together with the community (PHBM=Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Hutan Bersama Masyarakat), mainly by introducing Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L) to be planted in the pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh) forest to replace the farming of vegetables in the forest. This paper elucidates the historical process of introduction of Arabica coffee in the pine forest of Palintang through the PHBM program of Perhutani. The method used in this study was qualitative with descriptive analysis. Some techniques, namely observation, semi-structured interview, and participant observation were applied in this study. The result of the study showed that the introduction of coffee had been adopted by rural people of Palintang through a long time process with learning by doing. It was revealed that several factors caused the residents accepting coffee plants to be cultivated on forest land, i.e., coffee plants were only once planted in the past in their area, and the area is suitable for coffee cultivation. Besides, coffee has been considered to be planted and give economic benefits; and was initially planted in combination with annual crops, including vegetables, so that before the coffee is produced, the rural people can still produce annual agricultural products such as vegetable crops. However, when the coffee started to produce, time allocation, labor, and capital were more emphasized on the cultivation of coffee instead of vegetable crops; thus, cultivation of vegetables is gradually reduced and even stopped. The forest ecosystem of Palintang can be utilized and maintained by the rural community as indicated by their perception of the forest ecosystem. Thus, people of Palintang have increased awareness that they want to protect forest areas after their coffee cultivation in the forest area provides economic benefits to them.

Improved Coffee Management by Farmers in State Forest Plantations in Indonesia: An Experimental Platform

“…In the past these rural communities had limited rights, and relationships with forest managers have been, at times, confrontational [6,8]. However, in response to both internal and external political pressure, in 1989 the Indonesian government launched its first social forestry program, starting an ongoing process to move to more equitable forest governance systems [9,10].…”

“…In state pine plantations, as part of the government's social forestry program, local communities have been encouraged to cultivate shade-tolerant coffee under the pine trees as a source of income [6,9]. This is a significant change, as prior to this program forest authorities have been resistant to forest-edge farmers wishing to expand coffee production into existing forests [6].…”

Why Should Climate Smart Agriculture Be Promoted in the Indonesian Coffee Production System?

“…2. Shaded coffee (Supriadi & Pranowo, 2016;Iskandar et al, 2018) 3. Agroforestry (Dariah et al, 2005;Hafif et al, 2013) 4.…”

“…Moreover, the development of coffee production also provides more benefits for economic development as a source of the country's stock exchange, regional Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Volume 16 Number 7, October 2021: 347-363 development, agribusiness and agro-industry drivers, an increase in employment rate, and poverty alleviation. In addition to economic and social benefit, coffee plantations also provide benefits for environmental conservation, especially shaded coffee farm (Supriadi, 2015;Supriadi & Pranowo, 2016;Hayyun et al, 2018;Iskandar & Partasasmita, 2018 ).…”

Analyzing the Changes in Land Cover and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the North Bandung Area (NBA)

“…The term vegetation in this study refers to forests found in the northern part of the West Bandung Regency (Figure 2). Forest cover in some areas such as in Cimenyan and Cilengkrang District shows a prominent increase from 2014 (10.29%) to 2018 (14.70%) due to the reforestation program led by Perhutani [33,34]. The result from land cover change data in NBA by Samodoro et al ( 2020) also shows similar results; forest cover in this area increased from 2015 (4,400.51 ha) to 2018 (6,669.84 ha) [35].…”