Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity, and Mode of Action on Morus nigra

Abstract

Introduction:The Morus nigra (Moraceae) known as black mulberry is a well-grown plant in Lembang, Indonesia. Previous studies showed that black mulberry fruit has activity as antibacterial and antioxidant. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from stem bark, fruit, and leaves of Morus nigra, MIC and morphological changes of the most active extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the extract by measuring the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the test bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate the morphological changes induced by the extract in cellular membrane of the bacteria. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract were also evaluated. Results: The antibacterial activity showed the most active extract was an ethanol extract of the stem bark against S. epidermidis and P. acnes with MIC value 4 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml, respectively. The extract also induced protein and ion leakage in test bacterial cells. SEM findings revealed that the extract induced potential cellular membrane damage in 4xMIC. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity was related to the damaged of bacterial cell wall.

Potential Anti-acne: Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) from Central Kalimantan-Indonesia

“…Flavonoids also may demonstrate the antibacterial activity by reducing membrane fluidity of bacterial cells and causing cell fluid imbalance. 16,17 Alkaloids inhibit bacterial growth by changing the nature of cell protein (denaturation), thus increasing the permeability of cell membranes of the bacteria. The cell membrane causes loss or leakage of the contents of a cell of bacteria to the outside or through a direct link membrane of cell bacteria, causing the demise of a polar membrane of bacteria, which leads to the death of a cell bacteria gradually.…”

Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource

“…In a recent study assessing antibacterial activities against two strains causing acne, S. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ), the ethanolic extract of M. nigra fruits had MIC values of 2.5% for both strains and MBC values of 2.5% and 5%, respectively [ 26 ]. As a follow-up approach, a comparative study was performed for extracts from three parts (stem barks, fruits and leaves) of M. nigra on their antibacterial effects against S. epidermidis and P. acnes [ 27 ]. M. nigra stem barks possessed the most potent antibacterial activities against both strains, with an MIC value of 4 mg/mL for S. epidermidis and 2 mg/mL for P. acnes .…”

Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) and Emprit Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Essential Oils

“…The mode of action for both essential oils were observed using Scanning Electrons Microscopy (SEM) at the Mineral Faculty Laboratory, Bandung Technology Institute, using the procedure stipulated by Anam. 12,13…”