Physiological Studies on Spore Germination, with Special Reference to
            <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>

Wynne, E. Staten; Foster, J. W.

doi:10.1128/jb.55.3.331-339.1948

Cited by 58 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…perfringens spores but inhibited that of B. cereus spores (Figs 1-2). These results are consistent with earlier observations showing that the germination of Clostridium spores was stimulated by 5% carbon dioxide in nitrogen or by bicarbonate (Wynne & Foster 1948;Hambleton et al 1970;Holland et al 1970). The results are also consistent with the observations that the germination of Bacillus spores can be inhibited by 1 atm carbon dioxide (L-alanine-adenosine initiated germination) or by bicarbonate (Cross et al 1973;Enfors & Molin 1978b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Carbon dioxide stimulates spore germination of several Clostridium spp. (Hambleton & Rigby 1970;Holland et al 1970;King & Gould 1971) and is essential for others (Wynne & Foster 1948;Treadwell et al 1958;King & Gould 1971). With Bacillus spores the absence of carbon dioxide does not affect germination (Wynne & Foster 1948) and high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate or carbon dioxide inhibit germination (Cross el al.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Influence of High Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination of Bacterial Spores

Enfors¹,

Molin²

1978

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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The influence of carbon dioxide at 1–55 atm on the germination of Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus spores in a complex medium was studied. The germination studies at atmospheric pressure were done in the pH range 5.2–6.7. Controls at the same pH were done in 100% nitrogen. Carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure (1 atm) inhibited the spore germination of B. cereus spores but strongly enhanced the germination rate of those of the clostridia. Spore germination of Cl. sporogenes and Cl. perfringens was inhibited completely at 10 atm and at 25 atm, respectively. The germination rate in carbon dioxide or nitrogen was generally higher at pH 6.7 than at 5.2–6.0.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

The Influence of High Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination of Bacterial Spores

Enfors¹,

Molin²

1978

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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“…Criterion of germination. As suggested by Wynne and Foster (13,14) spores which had lost their resistance to heat were considered as having germinated. Quantitative results were based on the difference, calculated in percent, in the number of viable cells in an aliquot after a germination incubation treatment as compared to the viable cell count of a similar aliquot after it had been heated a t 100°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,

Heiligman

Desrosier

Broumand

1956

Journal of Food Science

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The recent physiological studies of Hills (3) and Powell (9) have shown that biologically active materials are essential for spore germination. Evidence that the spore needs only a source of energy, such as glucose, has been presented by Knaysi (7). The views that only exogenous energy is stimulatory to the spore germinating processes are not fully substantiated by the work of Hills ( 4 ) and Stewart and Halvorson (12). These workers have presented good evidence that L-alanine is a factor which will initiate spore germination. Undoubtedly species specificity will enter into studies of this nature, as L-alanine has not been shown to function in all of the cases that have been studied.The following studies deal with the effects of naturally occurring materials, particularly those which can be utilized as a carbon source for energy, on the germinating processes. MATERIALS AND METHODSSpore suspensions. Spores of a strain of Bacillus thermoacidurans, F.S. 787, closely in agreement with the description of B. coagulans (Hammer), were used primarily in these studies; however, spores of Bacillus globigii and Putrefactive Anaerobe No. 3679' were included in some of the experiments in order to determine if the results were characteristic of one or more species. The cell suspensions were prepared as described in a previous report of Heiligman et aE. (2). Ultra-sonic radiation (approximately 102 watts for 5 minutes) was used in preparing the vegetative-cell-free spore suspensions. The concentration of the spores was kept constant (approximately 20,000 per ml.) so as to eliminate any effects due to this factor. Criterion of germination. As suggested by Wynne and Foster (13, 14) spores which had lost their resistance to heat were considered as having germinated. Quantitative results were based on the difference, calculated in percent, in the number of viable cells in an aliquot after a germination incubation treatment as compared to the viable cell count of a similar aliquot after it had been heated a t 100°C. for one minute. The former count represents the total count of all the viable cells, both those which had and those which had not lost their resistance to heat; the latter represents a count of the residual viable spores. The difference between these counts, then, would be the number of spores which had lost their resistance to heat as a result of the incubation germination treatment.Treatment of spores. The spores were added aseptically to sterile solutions of the materials. These suspensions were given a germination incubation a t the desired temperature and aliquots for counting were taken periodically. The germination incubation temperature, except for some preliminary studies on B. thermoacidurans, was 50°C. f o r this organism, and 37°C. for B. globigii and P.A. 3679. Since P.A. 3679 is an anaerobe a

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“…sporogena (Gladstone, Fildes & Richardson, 1935) and, as a gas or as NaHCO,, it stimulated production of colonies from spores of Cl. botulinum 6 2 8 (Wynne & Foster, 1948;Andersen, 1951). Treadwell, J a m & Salle ( 1958) demonstrated stimulation by NaHCO, of germination of Cl.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Study of the Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination and Outgrowth of Spores of Clostridium butyricum using a Slide Culture Technique

Hambleton¹,

Rigby²

1970

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Summary. A slide culture technique for the study of germination of clostridial spores on solid media is described in which the gaseous environment can rapidly be altered. Two spore suspensions of Clostridium butyricum NCTC 7423 prepared on different media germinated slowly and at different rates in oxygen‐free nitrogen (OFN) in the absence of CO2 when incubated on the same solid germination medium. The admission of 5% of CO2 to spores germinating in OFN caused a sharp increase in germination to almost 100% within 10 min. The results show that the sporulation medium plays a part in determining the carbon dioxide requirement for germination of these spores. A surface spread colony counting technique is also described, and the results using this technique stress the importance of the medium used.

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Physiological Studies on Spore Germination, with Special Reference to Clostridium botulinum

Cited by 58 publications

References 11 publications

The Influence of High Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination of Bacterial Spores

The Influence of High Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination of Bacterial Spores

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,

A Study of the Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination and Outgrowth of Spores of Clostridium butyricum using a Slide Culture Technique

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Physiological Studies on Spore Germination, with Special Reference to Clostridium botulinum

Cited by 58 publications

References 11 publications

The Influence of High Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination of Bacterial Spores

The Influence of High Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination of Bacterial Spores

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORSa,b,

A Study of the Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Germination and Outgrowth of Spores of Clostridium butyricum using a Slide Culture Technique

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Product

Resources

About

SPORE GERMINATION. I. ACTIVATORS^a,^b,