Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Mattox, George M. T.; Toledo-Piza, Mônica

doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00830.x

Cited by 38 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(551 reference statements)

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“…None of them resemble the unique shape of the yolk sac described herein. This unique shape of the yolk sac was not reported in any of the many representatives of the Characiformes available in the literature (e.g., Nakatani et al, 2001;Ponton & Mérigoux, 2001; most of the references on ontogeny of characiforms cited above) and could hence constitute an additional synapomorphy for the clade comprising at least Heterocharax and Gnathocharax (the Heterocharacini of Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012). This hypothesis, however, can only be properly tested when more developmental series of representatives of the Heterocharacini are available, and it is herein proposed only as a putative additional character for this clade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2), in addition to Roestes and Gilbertolus in a separate tribe (Roestini). The Heterocharacinae as defined by Mattox & Toledo-Piza (2012) was supported by seven non-ambiguous synapomorphies, one of which exclusive of the subfamily, and the less inclusive Heterocharacini was diagnosed by seven non-ambiguous synapomorphies, one of them exclusive of the tribe. None of the heterocharacines have been the focus of developmental studies, and moreover, juvenile specimens are often difficult to identify as their young are similar to each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Some of the stages include specimens from more than one batch. We described the main features of specimens in these nine stages regarding their external morphology (i.e., development of fins, colour pattern, number of myomeres), aiming at the diagnostic characters of the Heterocharacini according to Mattox & Toledo-Piza (2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These authors stated that due to the almost simultaneous onset of development of the dorsal and anal fins, this character might not have a significant taxonomic value. Such information is, however, so far unavailable for the majority of the Heterocharacinae and many putative related characids (e.g., Mattox & Toledo-Piza, 2012), hence it would be interesting to investigate this feature in other representatives of the subfamily to understand whether this subtle heterochronic shift bears phylogenetic signal.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic development of Heterocharax macrolepisEigenmann (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with comments on the form of the yolk sac in the Heterocharacinae

Mattox

Hoffmann

2014

Neotrop. ichthyol.

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Fishes in early developmental stages frequently have morphological features that differ from those of adult stages, and many characters found later in ontogeny are not available in initial stages. Hence, morphological descriptions of early stages are useful to provide information for the identification of eggs and larvae, a knowledge still restricted among Neotropical fishes. We studied the development of Heterocharax macrolepis, a heterocharacine whose adult specimens from the aquarium trade were kept and spawned at around 23-24ºC. A developmental series of 51 specimens was preserved, ranging from 3.2 mm notochord length to 18.6 mm standard length, covering approximately the first 73 days post-hatching. We described the development of main morphological features emphasizing those useful in the identification of H. macrolepis larvae (i.e., appearance of preopercle spine and development of the pseudotympanum). We also compared H. macrolepis with photographs taken of live larval specimens of Gnathocharax steindachneri, recently included in the Heterocharacinae. Both species have a yolk sac with a small rounded projection directed posteroventrally. Although this information is not yet available for all pertinent taxa, the different yolk sac shape in other representatives of the Characiformes may indicate that this peculiar yolk sac represents an additional synapomorphy of the Heterocharacini.Peixes em estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento frequentemente apresentam características morfológicas distintas dos adultos e muitos caracteres presentes em estágios avançados não são disponíveis em estágios iniciais. Assim, descrições morfológicas dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento de peixes são úteis por fornecerem subsídios para a identificação de ovos e larvas, um conhecimento ainda escasso entre peixes Neotropicais. Estudamos o desenvolvimento de Heterocharax macrolepis, espécie de Heterocharacinae cujos exemplares adultos provenientes do aquarismo foram mantidos e reproduzidos entre 23-24ºC. Uma série de desenvolvimento de 51 exemplares foi preservada, medindo entre 3,2 mm de comprimento da notocorda e 18,6 mm de comprimento padrão, incluindo os primeiros 73 dias pós-eclosão. Descreveram-se detalhadamente os principais aspectos morfológicos, enfatizando características úteis na identificação de larvas de H. macrolepis (i.e., surgimento do espinho do pré-opérculo, desenvolvimento do pseudotímpano). Comparamos H. macrolepis com fotografias de larvas vivas de Gnathocharax steindachneri, recentemente incluída em Heterocharacinae. Ambas espécies possuem saco vitelínico com pequena projeção arredondada póstero-ventral. Ainda que a informação não esteja disponível para os táxons pertinentes, o distinto formato do saco vitelínico em outras linhagens de Characiformes pode indicar que esta forma do saco vitelínico peculiar represente sinapomorfia adicional de Heterocharacini.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic development of Heterocharax macrolepisEigenmann (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with comments on the form of the yolk sac in the Heterocharacinae

Mattox

Hoffmann

2014

Neotrop. ichthyol.

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“…20), so that the ontogenetic variation is not clearly reflected by the data. Mattox, Toledo-Piza (2012) reported some osteological differences between specimens of Galeocharax from the rio Amazonas basin and the upper rio Paraná basin, that could help to diagnose two distinct forms. According to their observations specimens of Galeocharax from the rio Amazonas basin have the anterior margin of the palatine divided into two distinct articulation regions, a medial region associated with the neurocranium and a lateral region associated with the medial process of the maxilla.…”

Section: Geographic Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic revision of Galeocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Characinae)

2017

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The taxonomy of Galeocharax, a genus of freshwater fishes distributed in most South American cis-Andean river systems, except the rio Negro, rio São Francisco and rio Xingu basins and the eastern drainages of Brazil, is herein revised. A total of 1229 specimens were examined from which 680 had meristic and morphometric data taken. Osteological and morphological features were also examined through radiographs, scanning electron microscopy and in cleared and stained specimens. Three of the four species previously considered as valid are herein recognized: Galeocharax humeralis from rio Paraguay and lower rio Paraná basins; Galeocharax goeldii, from rio Madeira basin, with records of geographical distribution expanded to the río Madre de Dios, río Beni, rio Mamoré and rio Guaporé basins and Galeocharax gulo, which is widespread throughout rio Amazonas, río Orinoco, rio Tocantins, and upper rio Paraná basins. Galeocharax knerii is herein considered a junior synonym of Galeocharax gulo. A key to species of Galeocharax is presented.Keywords: Key of identification, Ostariophysi, Systematics, Widespread species.A taxonomia de Galeocharax, um gênero de peixes de água doce distribuído nos principais sistemas hídricos da América do Sul cisandina, com exceção da bacia do rio Negro, do rio São Francisco, do rio Xingu e das drenagens litorâneas do leste, é aqui revisada. Foram examinados 1229 exemplares, dos quais 680 tiveram dados merísticos e morfométricos tomados. Características osteológicas e morfológicas também foram examinadas por meio de radiografias, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e exemplares diafanizados. Três das quatro espécies previamente consideradas válidas são reconhecidas: Galeocharax humeralis das bacias do rio Paraguai e baixo rio Paraná; Galeocharax goeldii da bacia do rio Madeira, com registros de distribuição geográfica ampliados para as bacias dos rios Madre de Dios, Beni, Mamoré e Guaporé, e Galeocharax gulo amplamente distribuída nas bacias dos rios Amazonas, Orinoco, Tocantins e alto rio Paraná. Galeocharax knerii foi considerada sinônimo júnior de Galeocharax gulo. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Galeocharax é apresentada.Palavras-chave: Chave de identificação, Espécies amplamente distribuídas, Ostariophysi, Sistemática.

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Osteology of Priocharax and remarkable developmental truncation in a miniature Amazonian fish (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Mattox

Britz

Toledo-Piza

2015

Journal of Morphology

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Establishing phylogenetic relationships of miniature fishes is challenging in taxa with developmental truncation. Within the Characiformes, developmental truncation appears to be relatively rare, with the Neotropical genus Priocharax being an example. Priocharax includes three miniature species among the smallest of the order and has been hypothesized to belong to the Heterocharacinae. The pronounced reduction in its skeleton, however, prevented a clearer evaluation of its relationships. The present detailed osteological study was designed to address this question and revealed that 21 bones are absent and nine other skeletal structures are simplified in Priocharax when compared to other characids. Comparison of the skeleton of adult Priocharax with early developmental stages of other characids demonstrated that most of the absences and simplifications can be interpreted as developmental truncations. The most striking developmental truncations are in the pectoral girdle, in which the endoskeleton remains entirely cartilaginous. Other interesting truncations are in the ethmoid region of the skull, infraorbital series, and Weberian apparatus, in which the claustrum is absent. Our study also revealed some unusual sexual dimorphisms in the pelvic girdle. Two cladistic analyses were performed to assess the relationships of Priocharax within the Heterocharacinae. The first consisted of a traditional analysis in which all absences and reductions of Priocharax were coded in the same way as in the remaining taxa. This resulted in three equally most parsimonious topologies, all of which have Priocharax as the most basal taxon of the Heterocharacinae. The second analysis incorporated ontogenetic information, and most absences and reductions of Priocharax were reinterpreted as apomorphic conditions and thus, coded differently from similar conditions in outgroups. This resulted in a single phylogenetic hypothesis with Priocharax and Gnathocharax as sister groups based on seven synapomorphies. Our approach demonstrates the importance of developmental studies to better understand morphological evolution of miniaturized, truncated taxa, and to generate hypotheses of their relationships.

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Phylogenetic study of the Characinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Cited by 38 publications

References 67 publications

Ontogenetic development of Heterocharax macrolepisEigenmann (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with comments on the form of the yolk sac in the Heterocharacinae

Ontogenetic development of Heterocharax macrolepisEigenmann (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with comments on the form of the yolk sac in the Heterocharacinae

Taxonomic revision of Galeocharax (Characiformes: Characidae: Characinae)

Osteology of Priocharax and remarkable developmental truncation in a miniature Amazonian fish (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

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