Pelvic Bis, Bierce. german en ha Sy aohamioes eek Bereta gee ede ae a 49 Pea ESD Meck ons coro he ARS EY MM PPP Bley seserey cere ete te SIRI EY OI RISC yrs, scecrimaes cate 49 ECE AMTSIDL, 5, vate Sat. bot eae ee che A 2 the ene ty Et et rare eae tec oy Baten voce ty 5 MS 49 PHICTINUIS CLEATS OMS aoe iach ne PrP eet oe rk rte renee, ee it a te ede en eg 50 IVTESCG WIE OMS 55 gh TR eae ae eo Beye crete het ony salts! gl tg he ta erat tee tO Py caine ater ptelEs 51 PHSOSEREIIC HK COGMSITMCULOR pre rs BF sere Ss clare Auth a ole pe hatawi ik Sea sen inact Sel 4 TAX GMOMIMC-ACCOMM 2 eee rich hte Eee cord ces nada et para ca ce these eanerse scl Vee tae Sage ot aad ns atest Thacneas.' 56 Subfamily: Cy nodontinde Bigenmanmn,. POOF... le ee eee es Seek 56 Key (o.lhe wenera;: or the Cy nodontinde <8 hry es tt RD Bee al 56 Genus Hydrolycus Muller and: Troschel,. 18440... ek eiec es ane mcncg wcamaree tie 5 GenusiG yHodonsASassiz, AB 29s 1. Ft ola) seseah es Wee outa ate fence ened BES «ete 57 Key: toSpeciés,of Cynodon, Asassiz, A829) s.5 pase cg ee ate Ro 57 Comments on: Cynodow metonachs..Géty etal, W999 Ks 2 fee soe wees oO 57 CHHOAOM, SIODUS-ISASSIZ NSO DEE) DB Bee erie 4 cece ce ah Guat ide Beet es ae ee 58 CynOdONsSCDLeNarius gWOW. SPCCIES a. hres «tert beteee RAS lett atch, beeen 65 Genus -Khapiiodon Agassize L829 Peo. sees oh So ee PERE Rt ee he 68 Rhapniodon, VulpinusASAssizZ, VBLO oleh ornare ts nye # eae wl theese tens ogee 68 PLOKMO WICC CICS Nl fae Ns Mae eA oes ohare Mel rade ererinrenie ate te acne AeA gp eb abe 123 IRCICTE NCES Fy coer. coed et, PUM Ria cn x acseces cigs ty Me Ne REE LUMA PRES ances 3 cocoate gi 78 PA PENCHIS TL! peers. oh tte cheat abel a eh operetta peer otalte ae ot ta dere chceh ee ah PAS Ere c en tay bets are 85

The Characinae is a subunit of the Characidae of special significance in including Charax, the type genus of the family and the order Characiformes. Twelve genera and 79 species have been traditionally assigned to the Characinae, but the subfamily still lacks a phylogenetic diagnosis. Herein, a data matrix including 150 morphological characters and 64 taxa (35 species representing all genera of the Characinae and 29 included in other lineages within the Characiformes) was submitted to two cladistic analyses that differ in the inclusion/exclusion of Priocharax due to the difficulty of coding most of the character states in the miniature species of this genus. Both analyses resulted in a non‐monophyletic Characinae and this subfamily is herein restricted to only seven of the original 12 genera forming the clade (Phenacogaster((Charax Roeboides)(Acanthocharax(Cynopotamus(Acestrocephalus Galeocharax))))), which is supported by ten non‐ambiguous synapomorphies and is more closely related to other genera of the Characidae than those traditionally placed in the subfamily. A second clade includes the members of the tribe Heterocharacini (Lonchogenys(Heterocharax Hoplocharax)) as the sister‐group of Gnathocharax, supported by seven non‐ambiguous synapomorphies. This clade is more closely related to a taxon formed by Roestes and Gilbertolus based on seven non‐ambiguous synapomorphies. Results do not corroborate a close relationship between Roestes–Gilbertolus and the Cynodontinae. Inclusion of the genus Priocharax suggests that it is related more closely to the Heterocharacini, but the profound modifications in its anatomy possibly related to ontogenetic truncations obscure a better understanding of its relationships. A new classification of the Characinae and the Heterocharacinae is proposed. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165, 809–915.

A total of 104 osteological and external morphological features were examined in 13 species of Acestrorhynchus and 15 outgroup taxa to advance a hypothesis of relationships within the genus. Two most parsimonious hypotheses corroborate the monophyly of Acestrorhynchus but differ in the hypothesized relationships of Acestrorhynchus heterolepis. Three proposed supraspecific assemblages are at least partially correlated with groups of species previously diagnosed on the basis of colour pattern: (1) Acestrorhynchus britskii, Acestrorhynchus grandoculis, Acestrorhynchus microlepis, and Acestrorhynchus minimus; (2) Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus isalineae, and A. Acestrorhynchus nasutus; and (3) Acestrorhynchus abbreviatus, Acestrorhynchus altus, Acestrorhynchus falcatus, Acestrorhynchus lacustris, and Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro. In one hypothesis A. heterolepis is proposed as the closest relative of the clade formed by A. falcirostris, A. isalineae, and A. nasutus, and in the alternative hypothesis it is proposed as a sister species of the clade formed by A. abbreviatus, A. altus, A. falcatus, A. lacustris, and A. pantaneiro. Relationships among species of the latter clade remain unresolved. Two independent episodes of reduction of body size are hypothesized to have occurred within the genus: one associated with the clade formed by A. grandoculis and A. minimus, and the other with the clade formed by A. isalineae and A. nasutus.

The taxonomic revision of the genus Lamontichthys Miranda-Ribeiro, based on the examination of 164 specimens of different river drainages throughout the Amazon basin, revealed the presence of six species of which two are new. Lamontichthys filamentosus occurs in the upper and middle portions of the rio Amazonas basin; L. llanero in the río Orinoco basin; L. maracaibero in the lago Maracaibo basin; and L. stibaros in the upper río Amazonas basin. Lamontichthys avacanoeiro, new species, occurs in the upper rio Tocantins basin; and L. parakana, new species, in the lower rio Tocantins basin. The new species represent a considerable extension in the so far known distribution of the genus. A parsimony analysis, including 87 osteological and external morphological characters from Lamontichthys and related taxa (total of 16), resulted in three most parsimonious trees with 194 steps (CI = 0.73 and RI = 0.78). The hypothesis of monophyly of Lamontichthys is corroborated and supported by six derived characters. Within Lamontichthys two monophyletic assemblages are recognized, one includes L. avacanoeiro and L. stibaros, the other includes L. maracaibero and the clade formed by L. filamentosus and L. llanero. The relationships of Lamontichthys parakana, a species that was not included in the phylogenetic analysis is discussed. The monophyly and relationships of the monotypic genus Pterosturisoma microps are also discussed.
A revisão taxonômica do gênero Lamontichthys, realizada com base no exame de 164 exemplares de diversas drenagens da bacia amazônica, revelou a existência de seis espécies, das quais duas são novas. Lamontichthys filamentosus ocorre na bacia do alto e médio rio Amazonas; L. llanero, na bacia do rio Orinoco; L. maracaibero, na bacia do lago Maracaibo; e L. stibaros, na bacia do alto rio Amazonas. Lamontichthys avacanoeiro, espécie nova, ocorre na bacia do alto rio Tocantins e L. parakana, espécie nova, na bacia do baixo rio Tocantins. As novas espécies representam uma considerável ampliação da distribuição geográfica do gênero. Uma análise de parcimônia, incluindo 87 caracteres osteológicos e de morfologia externa de 16 táxons, incluindo Lamontichthys e grupos relacionados, resultou em três cladogramas mais parcimoniosos com 194 passos (CI = 0.73 and RI = 0.78). A hipótese de monofiletismo de Lamontichthys é corroborada e sustentada por seis sinapomorfias. Entre as espécies de Lamontichthys, dois grupos monofiléticos são reconhecidos, um incluindo L. avacanoeiro e L. stibaros e outro L. maracaibero e um clado formado por L. filamentosus e L. llanero. A relação de Lamontichthys parakana com as demais espécies do gênero é discutida, apesar da espécie não ter sido incluída na análise filogenética. O monofiletismo e as relações do gênero monotípico Pterosturisoma microps são também discutidos

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